1. ABO Antigens & Antibodies

2. Rh Factor If you are Rh+, then you have a
Rh+ antigen on your red blood cells, but you cannot make antibodies because they would attack your blood.
2. If you are Rh-, then you do not have an Rh antigen, and your body can make antibodies to the Rh+ antigen.
People who are Rh+ can receive Rh+ or Rh- blood because they don't have any antibodies to attack the Rh antigen. People who are Rh- can only get Rh- blood because their Rh+ antibodies will destroy any Rh+ red blood cells.

3. Universal Donor & Receiver
1. Type O- is known as the universal donor. Type O- can be donated (given) to any person with any blood type because the O blood has no antigens and Rh- type has no antigens. It does not matter what blood type the recipient is because type O- blood has no antigens for antibodies to attack.
2. Type AB+ is known as the universal recipient. People who are AB+ can receive any blood type of either Rh factor. People with type AB+ blood do not make any antibodies to any of the blood types, so they can receive any blood type: A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-, AB+, or AB-

4. Lab Procedure
Obtain sample
Place 1 drop of the sample into each well

5. Lab Procedure Add 1 drop of Anti A into A well
Add 1 drop of Anti B into B well
Add 1 drop of Anti Rh into Rh well
Mix contents of each well with different colored tooth pick and observe

6. Interpret Results
Clumped blood appears granular or congealed. Un-clumped blood appears pretty much uniform in appearance (watery)
Anti-A Serum contains antibodies which will clump red blood cells with A antigens on their surfaces.
Anti-B Serum contains antibodies which will clump red blood cells with B antigens on their surfaces.
Anti-Rh Serum contains antibodies which will clump red blood cells with Rh antigens on their surfaces.

7. How to determine the blood type.
1. If clumping occurs, this means antibodies are attaching to surface antigens and clumping large numbers of RBCs together.
2. For example:
A+ blood would have clumping in the A well and Rh well.
B- blood would have clumping only in the B well.
AB blood is indicated by both A and B clumping.
O blood is indicated by neither A or B clumping.
Rh positive blood is indicated by clumping in the Rh well.

8. B- A+
AB+ O- O+

9. Sample Problem
Mrs. Yost has lost a lot of blood and desperately needs a blood transfusion. Since she is so wonderful, you and your friends are determined to save her. Mrs. Yost's blood type is A+. Who should NOT donate blood for Mrs. Yost's transfusion? List all names...
Jen: AB-           Ashley: O+                Jeremy: O-
Troy: A-            Brandon: B+              Rhonda: AB+
What antibodies does Mrs. Yost produce?
Anti-B antibodies
Jen, Brandon, and Rhonda have B antigens which are not compatible with Mrs. Yost’s Anti- B antibodies!