2. Warm-up Can you correct the following citations? Write your corrections down on a piece of paper. 1. Huckleberry Finn, as the narrator of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, begins the novel by claiming that “Mr. Mark Twain [... ] told the truth, mainly.” (Mark Twain, page 1, chapter 1). 2. Edna Pontellier’s full understanding of her self-determinism is shown when she acknowledges that she doesn’t “want anything but my own way (Chopin 112).”

3. Warm-up: Citations 1. Huckleberry Finn, as the narrator of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, begins the novel by claiming that “Mr. Mark Twain [... ] told the truth, mainly” (Twain 1). 2. Edna Pontellier’s full understanding of her self- determinism is shown when she acknowledges that she doesn’t “want anything but my own way” (Chopin 112).

4. Persuasive Rhetoric and Argumentation

5. Pieces of an Effective Argument A Claim- a clear statement of a position on an issue (think thesis) Eating at McDonald’s is unhealthy, and parents should not let their children eat there. Support- uphold the claim in the form of reasons and evidence that include three elements: Grounds: Evidence- Eating at McDonald’s creates obesity. Warrant: Assumption/Connection to evidence and your argument; what makes it warranted/justified- All people who are obese have health issues. Backing: Facts to back up the grounds- Because 55% of American children are obese, healthcare costs have skyrocketed.

6. Pieces of an Effective Argument Counter Arguments- Presents, anticipates, and refutes opposing views; shows why other opinions are wrong Some say that eating at fast food establishments in moderation does not lead to obesity, but the food itself is full of preservatives, fats, and additives which are unhealthy and lead to greater healthcare costs. Logic- A sound, logical argument and effective language Conclusion- sums up the reason and call for action As shown, fast food is a large contributor to the obesity problem in America; the government must ensure the health of its citizens by outlawing unhealthy, fast food.

7. 1. Identify the claim, grounds, warrant, and backing. 1. Claim: People should smoke Lucky Strike Cigarettes. 2. Grounds: Lucky Strike Cigarettes taste good. 3. Warrant: All consumers want the best tasting products. 4. Backing: Research done by The Research Laboratory of The American Tobacco Company and other independent research companies.

8. What is RHETORIC?

9. Persuasive Rhetoric Is …. The art of using language to argue and convince others to adopt a position or act in a certain way.

10. Arguments generally use... Deductive Reasoning- -General to specific -Deduce (determine) conclusion from evidence provided Inductive Reasoning- -Specific to general -Infer a broader idea based on previous examples

12. 3 Basic Persuasive Techniques Logos- Appeals to the Logic- Facts and data Pathos- Appeals to the Emotions Ethos- Appeals to Credibility of speaker or Moral character of audience

13. Logos - Is it Logical? The appeal to the BRAIN using LOGIC, FACTS, and DATA Information to support the persuasive claim.

14. Ethos- Is it credible? Appealing to the values, moral standards, and credibility of the person who is trying to gain respect and trust from the audience.

15. Pathos- Is it Emotional? A majority of arguments in the popular press are heavily dependent on appealing to your emotions.

16. See if you can figure out the Appeal Gum http://youtu.be/xAVALXH9nxU Pepsi Commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DykbPa4Lc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DykbPa4Lc Old Spice http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owGykVbfgUE Sarah Mcglaughlin http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gspElv1yvc McDonalds http://youtu.be/OtWRCIkFl00 Dove Commercial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U Cheerios http://youtu.be/aARf-XwDGFg?list=PL-Oprv9fueW2lG- LtaZbwe0WWkcncJTSU http://youtu.be/aARf-XwDGFg?list=PL-Oprv9fueW2lG- LtaZbwe0WWkcncJTSU

17. Other Rhetorical Devices to Recall... Rhetorical question: obvious answer – “Should we be judged on appearance or rather the content of our convictions?” Antithesis: Contrasting ideas are expressed in a grammatically balanced statement. “Give me liberty or give me death” Repetition: Use of same word or phrase for emphasis Parallelism: A pattern from line to line

18. Logical Fallacies Errors in Logical Thinking… Circular Reasoning- Supporting the statement by repeating the statement in different words Non Sequitur- A conclusion that does not follow logically from the “proof” offered to support it Hasty Generalization- A conclusion drawn from too little evidence or from evidence that is biased Overgeneralization- Statement that is too broad (signal words: all, none, everyone, etc.). Stereotypes fall into this category. False analogy- Trying to compare items/concepts that are too different or unlike in a significant way. *See page R22 in your textbook if needed.

19. Logical Fallacies *See page R22 in textbook. Name Calling- Personal Attack False Cause- Thinking something is the cause of something else just because one event happened first. Either/Or- Giving only two options (“You’re either with us or against us!”) Evading the issue- Avoiding the argument’s central point by presenting evidence that is not necessarily relevant.

20. Propaganda Is a form of communication aimed at influencing the attitude of the community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. influencing

21. Persuasive Appeals in Media Commercial advertising is one of the most powerfully persuasive forces in today’s world! So…How do they persuade you? Think of specific examples and what made them work.

22. Common propaganda techniques often used in advertising Slogan Repetition Bandwagon Testimonial Emotional Appeal Expert Opinion

23. Slogan: “Can you hear me now?” A catchy phrase or statement often used to sell a service or a product.

24. Bandwagon A statement suggesting that everyone is using a specific product, so you should too Persuading people to do something by letting them know others are doing it Gives impression that you will be left out if you don’t do what ad is trying to persuade you to do Example: “See why so many women have switched?” (Shampoo advertisement)

25. Why are these examples of Bandwagon?

26. Testimonial works because you feel like you can trust the words of an expert or someone who is famous.

27. Expert Opinion Ads using scientific sounding language to make a product seem more effective. Appeals to the audience’s intellect “Four out of five dentists recommend this toothpaste….” “Studies show that….”

28. Quick Review 1 Slogan Repetition Bandwagon Testimonial Expert Opinion

29. Quick Review 2 What are the 3 main Persuasive Appeals? What are some Rhetorical Devices that we can look for in Persuasive speeches? List some fallacies… What does a good argument need?

30. Death Row Argument 1. Who is Roland Williamson? Who is Anthony Porter? Who is William Brennan? 2. What claim is the ad making? 3. What evidence do the ad-writers use to support their claim? 4. What is the purpose of this ad? What, in other words, did the ad- writers hope to achieve? 5. What are some possible objections or counterclaims that could be raised in responding to this ad? By whom might these objections and counterclaims be raised? 6. Hypothesize whether or not the claim is effective for the intended audience and why it might be?

31. The Parking Ticket You work at Carolina Place Mall. You’re working very hard saving money for college. On January 11, you went to work, despite a freak snow storm. You pulled into a parking spot, covered in snow. You return, 8 hours later to a melted parking lot only to discover your car has been towed. Upon investigation, you discover that the snow covered a handicapped parking spot with a picture and blue lines painted on the ground, but no sign. You paid $250.00 for the tow and have been given a $500 ticket.