1. RAW MATERIALS USED IN COSMETICS

2. COLORSPERFUMESPRESERVATIVESANTIMICROBIALANTIOXIDANTSWATER

3. 1.WATER Why used……. Cheap Abundance Innocuous Universal Solvent Used as solvent 3

4.  Filtration Membrane filters(0.2mµ)  Distillation /Double distillation  Ion exchange system resins are used – to remove cations and anions to form de-ionised water. Columns are made up of resins can be regenerated.  Reverse Osmosis – 75% purified water collected and 25% as concentrated water Membranes are made up of cellulose nitrate and polyamide. Boiling Steam Condensation 4

5.  Microbiological purification Chemical treatment- Chlorine (1 to 4ppm) to de-ionised water. Formaldehyde also used. Heat treatment –boiling –helding for 20 mins. For spores-boiling after 2hrs. UV radiation – below 300nm-lethal effect on microbes. Filtration – membrane filters 5

6. COLORS A Generic term for any color imparting substance Colors can be classified as : 1.Colorants: substances soluble in the medium which is to used 2.Pigments and color lakes: insoluble in the medium but coloring achieved by uniform distribution 3.Color lakes : Produced by precipitation of water soluble colorant with aluminum hydroxide 4.Water dispersible pigments: dispersed with the help of a dispersing agent 5.Color additive : dye, pigment derived from a vegetable derivative 6.Chrome: Vividness of a color 7.Opacity: Degree of impenetrability by light 8.Bleed: Leaching of an impurity or minor constituent from a colored article

7. 7 Natural Colors 1.Cochineal 2. Saffron 3.Chlorophyll Inorganic Colors 1.Iron oxide 2. Chromium oxide 3.Ultramarines 4.Carbon black 5.Titanium dioxide 6.Zinc oxide Coaltar Colors 1.Amaranth 2.Indigocarmine 3.Orange G

8. Type of Coloring agentCosmetic product used Water soluble colorantsBath products, creams, soaps, toothpastes and gels Oil Soluble Colorants and pigments face make up, lipsticks, soaps Color lakesEye make up, Lipsticks. Water dispersible pigmentsSoaps

9. EVALUATION OF COLOURED COSMETICS OIL SOLUBLE PIGMENTS DRY POWDER CONTAINED COLOURS WATER SOLUBLE BASED COLOUR EMULSION BASED MAKE UP PRODUCTS

15. Type of PERFUMESCosmetic product used Top notesAqueous or hydro alcoholic preparation Bottom notes Oils based cosmetics and powders Middle notesSoaps and emulsions

16. PRESERVATIVES

17. DEFINATION: Preservatives are used to prevent spoilage of skin cosmetics TWO MAIN REASONS FOR SPOILAGE: 1.Oxidation of oils and fats 2.Microbial growth PRESERVATIVESANTIMICROBIALANTIOXIDANT

18. SOURCES OF ANTI- MICROBIAL AGENTS: 1.Raw materials 2.Environment 3.Equipment 4.Packaging material 5.Personnel

19. Consequences 1.Interfere with the ingredients present 2.Moulds and fungi can be seen on the surface 3.Turbidity and sedimentation in liquid preparations 4.Color change 5.Bubbles or froth formation 6.Pathogens can cause serious infection

20. Ideal preservative should be : 1.Compatible with the formulation 2.Soluble to such an extent that effective concentration is achieved 3.Remain stable to provide sustained anti microbial effect 4.Colorless and odorless 5.Non toxic, non irritant and non allergic

21. Factors affecting effectiveness of preservatives: A. Dissociation and pH 1. Ideal preservative effective at wide range of pH but they are highly reactive in nature 2. Weak acids depends on undissociated form which in turn depends upon dissociation constant and pH of the system 3. Preservatives which are active only in dissociated form are effective in higher pH but ineffective at lower pH

22. B. CONCENTRATION No values set for the concentration of preservative 1.Some materials used are itself antimicrobial so less preservative required 2.Some ingredients promote micro organisms hence more concentration 3.Recommended limit for organic mercury compounds( 0.001%) and 0.5-1% for weak acids 4.Availability to microorganisms more important since it depends upon permeability across the cell wall, diffusion rate and degree of absorption and partition coefficient of preservative

23. Susceptibility of organisms 1.Hydroxy benzoates active against moulds, fungi and yeasts, less active towards bacteria 2. Chlorobutanol active against bacteria 3. Phenyl mercuric nitrate active against all Interference by ingredients of cosmetics 1.Tween 80, polyethylene glycol interfere by exerting protective effect on micro organisms 2.Soaps and anionic surfactants in lower concentration promote growth of gram negative bacteria Influence of Solid Particles Preservatives can be absorbed on the surface of insoluble solid particles e.g. Kaolin, chalk and zinc oxide

24. GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING PRESERVATIVES 1.Identify the material that promote microbial growth 2.pH of the aqueous phase 3.Preservative partitioned between two phases depending on the formula of the preparation 4.Ratio of total to free preservative estimated in presence of macromolecules in formulation 5.Least toxic

25. CHALLENGE TEST FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESERVATIVE

26. ANTIOXIDANTS

28. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTI-OXIDANTS

29. CHOICE OF ANTI-OXIDANT/ SELECTION DEPENDS ON 1.NATURE OF FAT OR OIL PRESENT AS INGREDIENT 2.PHYSICAL FORM OF COSMETIC 3. PH OF COSMETIC 4.INTENDED USE OF COSMETIC 5.EXPECTED SHELF LIFE OF COSMETIC 6.CONDITIONS OF STORAGE OF COSMETICS