1. An Epidemiological Overview
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
In 2005 CVD accounted for approximately 38 percent of all deaths
CVD has been the number one killer in the U.S. since 1900 except for 1918 (influenza)
More that 2,500 Americans die from CVD each day
Among women, 1 in 2.6 deaths from CVD

2. Death Rates for Cardiovascular Disease, Including CHD and Stroke for Selected Countries
Figure 15.3

3. Anatomy of the Heart
Figure 15.4

4. Types Of Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Chest pain (angina pectoris)
Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
Stroke
All can kill.

5. Percentage Breakdown of Deaths from Cardiovascular Disease in the United States, 2001
Figure 15.5

6. Artherosclerosis
Characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level
Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries

7. Coronary Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack – blood supplying the heart is disrupted
Coronary thrombosis – blood clot in the artery
Embolus – when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the circulatory system
Collateral circulation - if blockage to the heart is minor, an alternative blood flow is selected

8. Angina Pectoris
Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply
The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more severe the pain
Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle

9. Arrythmias An irregularity in heart rhythm
Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or anxiety
Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern

10. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating normally
Affects over 5 million Americans
Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia, heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem
Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of the legs, ankles, or lungs
Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation

11. Congenital And Rheumatic Heart Disease
Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born
May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake (alcohol) during fetal development
Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects connective tissue

12. Stroke Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted
Thrombus – blood clot
Embolus – free flowing clot
Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions that cause temporary impairment

13. Common Blood Vessel Disorders
Figure 15.6

14. Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
Risks you can control
Avoid tobacco
Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
Maintain a healthy weight
Modify dietary habits
Exercise regularly
Control diabetes
Control blood pressure
Systolic – upper number
Diastolic – lower number
Manage stress

15. Reducing Your Risk For Cardiovascular Diseases
Risks you cannot control
Heredity
Age
Gender
Race

16. Testing for Heart Disease
Coronary
Angiography
specific
shows
coronaries
Narrowing in
Sites of
Electro-
cardiogram
measures
electrical
impulses
Stress
Test
measures
blood
supply
to heart

17. New Weapons Against Heart Disease
Techniques for diagnosing heart disease
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Angiography
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single positron emission color tomography (SPECT)
Radionuclide imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Ultrafast CT
Digital cardiac angiography (DSA)

18. Angioplasty Versus Bypass Surgery
Angioplasty – a thin catheter is threaded through the blocked arteries. The catheter has a balloon on the tip which is inflated to flatten the fatty deposits against the wall of the artery
Coronary bypass surgery – a blood vessel is taken from another site and implanted to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood

19. Angioplasty and Stenting

20. By-pass surgery

21. Aspirin For Heart Disease?
Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin every other day is beneficial to heart patients due to its blood thinning properties
Some side effects of aspirin: gastrointestinal intolerance and a tendency for difficulty with blood clotting
Should only be taken under the advice of your physician

22. Thrombolysis
If victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed quickly, thrombolysis can be performed
Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) to dissolve the clot and restore some blood flow

23. Cardiac Rehabilitation
Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks
Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases stamina and strength, and promotes recovery