1. What is Science?
Science is a process of gathering knowledge about the natural world.
Can you give some examples of sciences?
Introduce yourself to your neighbor and the two of you come up with 6 examples?
Time: 2 minutes

2. Science
Life
Earth and Space
Physical
Biology
Geology
Chemistry
Zoology
Meteorology
Physics
Botany
Astronomy

3. What is Physical Science?
Physical science is the study of matter and energy.
Matter is made up of atoms and has both a mass and volume.
Energy is the ability to do work.
The branches of physical science
Chemistry
Physics

4. Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of all forms of matter, including how matter interacts with other matter.
Chemistry looks at the structure and properties of matter.

5. Physics Physics looks at energy and how that energy affects matter.
Motion, force, gravity, electricity, light, and heat are parts of physics.

6. What would each science explain in this video?

7. Steps in the Scientific Method
Observation
Identify a question/problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Collection
Conclusion
Communicate Results
Retest
Further Questions

8. Scientific Method
Variable- variable that causes change in another variable
independent variable- variable that causes a change in another variable.
dependent variable- variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable.
Controlled experiment- An experiment in which only one variable, the manipulated variable, is deliberately changed at a time. The responding variable is observed for changes, all other variables are kept constant, or controlled.

9. Variables explanation

10. Come up with 2 example scenarios and identify their dependent and independent variables

11. Observations Gathered through your senses
A scientist notices something in their natural world

12. Observations Example:
noticing that a group of frogs in a pond have three legs instead of 4

13. Hypothesis A suggested solution to the problem. Must be testable
Sometimes written as If…Then… Because statements
Predicts an outcome

14. Hypothesis Example: State this as an If…Then…Because Statement
The frogs have 3 legs because the pond where they live is polluted.
State this as an If…Then…Because Statement

15. A procedure to test the hypothesis.
Experiment
A procedure to test the hypothesis.

16. Variable – factor in the experiment that is being tested

17. A good or “valid” experiment will only have ONE variable!

18. Scientific Experiments Follow Rules
Controls & Variables
An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.

19. The Control Variable
The experimenter makes a special effort to keep other factors “constant” so that they will not effect the outcome.
Those factors are called control variables.

20. Purpose of the Control Variable
Controls are NOT being tested
Controls are used for COMPARISON

21. The Independent and Dependent Variables
The factor that is changed is known as the independent variable.
The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.

22. Sometimes it is necessary to do several trials with each independent variable.

23. For Experiments to be valid…
Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups
There should be only one variable

24. Data Collection Results of the experiment May be
Quantitative (numbers, measurement)
Qualitative
(color, odor, taste, etc.)

25. Data Collection For Further Analysis: Must be organized
Usually organized into graphs, tables, or charts

26. Conclusion After analyzing the data from the experiments
It is the answer to the hypothesis

27. Communicate results
Scientists communicate their results to other scientists
Why do you think this is so important?

28. In order to verify the results, experiments must be retested.

29. Can You Spot The Scientific Method?
Scientific Method HO 1
Can You Spot The Scientific Method?
Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions
________Stephen predicted that seed would start to grow faster if an electric current traveled through the soil in which they were planted.
________ Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom”.
________ Jonathon’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw cucumber slices.
________ Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the laboratory. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria on each plate.
________ Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed.
________ Dana wanted to know how synthetic fibers were different from natural fibers.
________ Jose saw bats catching insects after dar. He asked, “How do bats find the insects in the dark?”

30. Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
Scientific Method HO 1
Recognize a problem C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
Form a Hypothesis D. Draw conclusions
8. ________ Justin wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers, and stems.
________ Marcus soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then he planted the seed in soil at a depth of 1 cm. He used the same amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed.
________ Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil.
________ Kevin said, “If I grow five seedlings in red light, I think the plants will grow faster than the five plants grown in white light”.
________ Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light.
________ Scott said, “if acid rain affects plants in a particular lake, it might affect small animals, such as crayfish, that live in the same water.”
________ Michael fed different diets to three groups of guinea pigs. His experiment showed that guinea pigs need vitamin C and protein in their diets.
________ Kim’s experiment showed that chicken egg shells were stronger when she gave the hen feed to which extra calcium had been added.

31. SCIENTIFIC METHOD PROBLEM observations HYPOTHESIS Proposed answer
Scientific Method HO 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
PROBLEM
State the _______________
a. The process of ‘inquiry’ begins with ____________________, (using ones senses to study the world)
Create a ___________________(educated guess)
A hypothesis is a ____________________________ for a scientific question
Should be an ___________ / ___________ statement indicating the action(s) that will take place and the results that are anticipated
Test the ___________________ (experiment)
Evaluate ______________(results)
a. Observations and tools can be used to gather and analyze data
Make a ____________________
Hypotheses can be__________________ or _______________ in the conclusion
Experiments are always ______________.
___________________ are developed once experiments have been
tested several times and end with the same _________________
observations
HYPOTHESIS
Proposed answer
IF THEN
HYPOTHESIS
DATA
CONCLUSION
accepted
rejected
ONGOING
THEORIES
Conclusion

32. 8
Communicate

33. Testing the Hypothesis – Experiment
A controlled experiment compares the results from a control group with the results from the experimental groups. The groups are exactly the same except for one factor. That factor is the variable.
Independent variable is the variable you change.
Ex. Time
Dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable.
Ex. Distance

34. Collect, Record, and Analyze
Data is the information gathered through your experiment.
All information needs to be recorded in a notebook, in a data table or other recording devices.
Organizing material makes analyzing the data easier.
At the end of the investigation, you draw your conclusion.
Accept or reject
Change your hypothesis and retest.
Communicate results
How can you do that?

35. Models
Model – representation of an object, event or system. It is used to present information that is not easily available.
Too big, small, past or future.
Physical – planes, trains, cars, cells, etc.
Mathematical – equations and data
Conceptual – systems of ideas. The water cycle is an example.

36. Theory vs. Law
A theory is an explanation for many hypotheses and observations.
Supported many times.
Can predict future results.
Can not be proven 100%
A law is a summary of many experimental results and observations.
Laws are always true and do not change.
Examples of both:

37. Measurements and Safety
Length
Volume
Mass
Temperature
Density
Time
Prefixes
Safety Contract

38. Prefix
Symbol
Factor of Base Unit
giga- G
1,000,000,000
mega M
1,000,000
kilo- k
1,000
hecto- h
100
deka- da 10
BASE
deci- d
0.1
ceni- c
0.01
milli- m
0.001
micro-
nano- n

39. Metric Conversions K H D __ d c m
1378 millimeters = ________ dekameters
45 centimeters = ________ decimeters
4 liters = ________ hectoliters
5 kilograms = ________ grams
To the right – multiply each “step” by 10 or move decimal one spot to the right
To the left – divide each “step” by 10 or move the decimal one spot to the left

40. Scientific Notation A way to express very small or very large numbers
Example:
12345 = x 104
= 4.56 x 10-3
____________ – the # of times the decimal was moved
(+) to the left
(-) to the right
__________ – must be between 1 and 9
_________
Always times 10 to a power

41. Scientific Notation
56934 =
1280 = = =

42. Scientific Notation 2.347 x 10-3 = 8.98736 x 104 = Reverse it!
(+) right
(-) left