1. Agriculture and Society Chapter 4 Lesson 4.2

2. Theme Outline Lesson 4.2 Lesson 4.2 The Food and Fiber System in the United StatesThe Food and Fiber System in the United States The Farm-to-Market ProcessThe Farm-to-Market Process Major Agricultural Regions of the United StatesMajor Agricultural Regions of the United States

3. PA Academic Standards for Environment & Ecology Standard 4.4.10.C Standard 4.4.10.C Explain the functions of the components of the food and fiber system. Explain the functions of the components of the food and fiber system. Compare and analyze growing conditions in the United States to determine which plants and animals are most suitable to each region. Compare and analyze growing conditions in the United States to determine which plants and animals are most suitable to each region. Compare the management practices needed for a commodity (i.e., production, processing, research and development, marketing, distribution and regulations. Compare the management practices needed for a commodity (i.e., production, processing, research and development, marketing, distribution and regulations. Identify a commodity, its origin and its steps of production. Identify a commodity, its origin and its steps of production. Compare and analyze the cost of a commodity to its production cost. Compare and analyze the cost of a commodity to its production cost. Identify and describe how food safety issues have impacted production in agriculture. Identify and describe how food safety issues have impacted production in agriculture.

4. Learning Objectives Students will compare the management practices needed for a commodity (i.e., production, processing, research and development, marketing, distribution, and regulation).Students will compare the management practices needed for a commodity (i.e., production, processing, research and development, marketing, distribution, and regulation). Students will compare and analyze growing conditions in the United States to determine which plants and animals are most suitable to each region.Students will compare and analyze growing conditions in the United States to determine which plants and animals are most suitable to each region. Students will compare and analyze the cost of a commodity and its production cost.Students will compare and analyze the cost of a commodity and its production cost. Students will identify a commodity, its origin, and the steps in its production.Students will identify a commodity, its origin, and the steps in its production. Students will identify laws that affect conservation and management of food and fiber production in the local area and analyze their impact.Students will identify laws that affect conservation and management of food and fiber production in the local area and analyze their impact.

5. The Food and Fiber System in the United States The Farm-to-Market Process Production Production Food processing Food processing Packaging Packaging Transportation and Distribution Transportation and Distribution Marketing Marketing Regulations Regulations Research and Development Research and Development

6. The Farm-to-Market Process Production Production Initial stage in processInitial stage in process Farmers produce fruits, vegetable, grains, livestock, or clothing fiberFarmers produce fruits, vegetable, grains, livestock, or clothing fiber Historically, this was the only step in the process since most of the product was consumed by the families who produced itHistorically, this was the only step in the process since most of the product was consumed by the families who produced it

7. Food Processing Food Processing Converts raw foodstuffs into consumable foodConverts raw foodstuffs into consumable food Farmers have contracts to sell their product to a food processorsFarmers have contracts to sell their product to a food processors Example: food processors then convert raw materials into processed food by adding preservatives, flavoring, or otherwise improving food quality Ranchers and farmers who raise livestock sell their product to meatpackers at marketsRanchers and farmers who raise livestock sell their product to meatpackers at markets Example: meat processors then convert raw materials into processed food Definition : transformation of raw foodstuffs from the farm into the food that humans can consume

8. Food Processing

9. Packaging Packaging Final stage of food processing stagesFinal stage of food processing stages Protects food from spoiling, spilling, and breakingProtects food from spoiling, spilling, and breaking Labeling occurs in this stageLabeling occurs in this stage Packaging needs depends on the needs of the productPackaging needs depends on the needs of the product Example: eggs are packaged into cardboard containers labeled “fragile” or “breakable”

10. Transportation and Distribution Transportation and Distribution Necessary stage since most food produced today is not consumed locallyNecessary stage since most food produced today is not consumed locally Mode of transportation variesMode of transportation varies Example: ships, trains, trailers Vital shipping roleVital shipping role Transports raw goods directly to market Transports raw goods directly to market Transports raw goods to processing facilities Transports raw goods to processing facilities Transports processed goods to market Transports processed goods to market Transports processed goods to warehouse facilities Transports processed goods to warehouse facilities

11. Marketing Marketing Involves the advertising, buying, and selling of productsInvolves the advertising, buying, and selling of products Vital selling roleVital selling role Product must be appealing to Product must be appealing to customers customers Example: packaging requirements  Product must be readily available Example: sold in vending machines, grocery stores, or butchers

12. Regulations Regulations The U.S. government regulates agricultural practices in several areas The U.S. government regulates agricultural practices in several areas Food safetyFood safety Example: accuracy of ingredient labels InspectionInspection Example: inspection of products and facilities GradingGrading Example: eggs

13. Research and Development Research and Development Strives to create new agricultural products Strives to create new agricultural products New crop and livestock varietiesNew crop and livestock varieties Example: cherry tomato New food and fiber productsNew food and fiber products Example: new flavor of ice cream New methods for producing, processing, and storing foodsNew methods for producing, processing, and storing foods Example: new packaging for a fruit drink product

14. Major Agricultural Regions of the United States Ten Major Regions Ten Major Regions Northeast Northeast Appalachia Appalachia Southeast Southeast Lake States Lake States Corn Belt Corn Belt Delta States Delta States Northern Plains Northern Plains Southern Plains Southern Plains Mountain Mountain Pacific Pacific

15. Major Agricultural Regions of the United States What determines what grows where? What determines what grows where? Physical geographyPhysical geography Climate Climate Soils Soils Landforms Landforms In order to concentrate our focus of agriculture in Pennsylvania, we will focus on the Northeast Region. In order to concentrate our focus of agriculture in Pennsylvania, we will focus on the Northeast Region.

16. Northeast Region: Location States States Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Maryland Maryland Delaware Delaware Maine Maine Connecticut Connecticut Rhode Island Rhode Island Vermont Vermont New Hampshire New Hampshire New Jersey New Jersey New York New York

17. Northeast Region: Summary Climate Climate Ample average rainfallAmple average rainfall Moderate climateModerate climate Location Location Close to large markets of customersClose to large markets of customers Allows for the quick distribution of products to customersAllows for the quick distribution of products to customers

18. Northeast Region: Summary What products are produced where? What products are produced where? CranberriesCranberries Example: Massachusetts ApplesApples Example: New York Dairy farmingDairy farming Example: Pennsylvania, Vermont, and New York PoultryPoultry Example: Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware MushroomsMushrooms Example: Pennsylvania

19. Pennsylvania Mushrooms Pennsylvania produces more mushrooms than any other state in the United StatesPennsylvania produces more mushrooms than any other state in the United States In 2003-2004, Pennsylvania produced 465 million pounds of mushrooms valued at 379 million dollars.In 2003-2004, Pennsylvania produced 465 million pounds of mushrooms valued at 379 million dollars. In 2003-2004, Pennsylvania mushroom exports were valued at just over 1 million dollars.In 2003-2004, Pennsylvania mushroom exports were valued at just over 1 million dollars.

20. Top Commodities, Exports, and Counties Top 5 agriculture commodities, 2006 Value of receipts thousand $ Percent of state total farm receipts Percent of US value 1. Dairy products1,560,59433.36.7 2. Cattle and calves466,3549.90.9 3. Greenhouse/nurser y 411,4418.82.4 4. Mushrooms, agaricus 388,5248.364.4 5. Broilers320,8256.81.7 All commodities4,691,681 2.0

21. Top 5 agriculture exports, estimates, FY 2006 Rank among statesValue million $ 1. Other3483.1 2. Wheat and products13167.0 3. Live animals and meat13151.6 4. Dairy products5107.7 5. Feed grains and products1692.4 Overall rank181,353.8