1. Solids The Neglected “State” Of Chemistry

2. Material Science

3. Types of matter: element, compound, mixture
Types of matter: element, compound, mixture
Types of elements: metals, nonmetals, semimetals
Types of structure: crystalline, amorphous
Types of bonding: metallic, ionic, covalent, intermolecular forces
metals ceramics/glass polymers
metallic elements metals & nonmetals or nonmetals semimetals & nonmetals
element or mixture compound or mixture of mostly compounds
compounds
crystalline ceramics = crystalline mostly amorphous w/
glass = amorphous regions of crystallinity
metallic bonding ionic bonding and covalent bonding with network covalent bonding weak intermolecular forces

4. Types of Bonding Type of bonding Metallic Ionic Covalent
Intermolecular Forces
Type of elements involved
Between Metals
Between Metals and Nonmetals
Between Nonmetals
Between Molecules
Givers & or takers of electrons
Between givers
Between givers and takers
Between takers
Description
Valence e- roam freely between many atoms. Sea of electrons
Transfer e-
Makes (+) and (-) ions that are attracted to each other
Share e- Forms discrete molecules
Hold covalently bonded molecules together as a solid
Type of material formed
Solid metals and alloys
Ceramics and glass
Polymers and some ceramics/glasses
Helps form solid polymers
Strength of bond
Relatively strong
Very strong
Weak
Properties produced
Good conductors, workable, corrode easily
Brittle, hard, high melt temps, nonconductors as solids, don’t corrode
Insulators, don’t corrode
Help determine a lot of properties of covalent compounds (polymers)

5. amorphous
crystalline

6. Hexagonal close packed
Simple cubic
Face-centered cubic
(FCC)
Body-centered cubic
(BCC)
Hexagonal close packed
(HCP)

7. Most Common Metal Crystal Structures
BCC Body Centered Cubic
FCC Face Centered Cubic
HCP Hexagonal Close Pack
Over heads of pennys
BB Board

8. BCC
simple cubic
FCC
HCP

9. BCC
Body-centered cubic
FCC
Face-centered cubic

10. Type of crystal structure
Workability
Which crystal structure is more workable?
Many slip planes or few slip planes?
Tightly packed or loosely packed? (more or less “gappiness”?)
Ice cube tray demo
Type of crystal structure
Closely packed?
Many slip planes?
Workability
FCC
BCC
HCP

11. Type of crystal structure
Closely packed?
Many slip planes?
Workability
FCC
Yes
Highest
BCC No
Medium
HCP
Lowest

12. Crystal Structures & Metals
BCC
FCC
HCP
Other
Chromium
Aluminum
Cobalt
Manganese
Iron (<912°C)
Calcium
Magnesium
Tin
Molybdenum
Copper
Titanium
Sodium
Gold
Zinc
Tungsten
Iron (>912°C)
Lead
Nickel
Platinum
Silver

13. Cubic
Face Centered Cubic
Body Centered Cubic

14. Thermal Shock Demo Types of glass soda-lime glass borosilicate glass
fused silica glass

15. Types of Glass Soda Lime glass (cheap) windows 1285f 696c
Softening temp
Soda Lime glass (cheap) windows f 696c
Borosilicate (better) beakers 1436f 780c
96% Silica (better) f 1586c
Fused Silica (best) f 1580c

16. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Thermal Shock
Material
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Fused Silica Glass
(cm/cm x °C)
Borosilicate Glass
6 X 10-7
Aluminosilicate Glass
33 X 10-7
Porcelain
44 X 10-7
Soda-Lime Glass
60 X 10-7
Mild Steel
85 x 10-7
Aluminum
110 X 10-7

17. Category Purpose Metal oxides Glass former Modifier Intermediate
Gives atomic structure – makes up backbone of network solid
SiO2 (silica) - primary
Also oxides of: B, Ge, P, As, V
Modifier
Lower melt temp,
Makes it easier to work w/
Oxides of alkali metals *(Na2O & K2O) and alkaline earth metals **(CaO & MgO)
Intermediate
Acts as either former or modifier based on other ingredients present
Oxides of: Al, Sb, Pb, Zn, and sometimes B
*make it chemically less stable
**restore some stability

19. Glass type
Ingredients
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Soda-lime (flint)
(most common)
Silica (SiO2)
Soda (Na2O)
Lime (CaO)
Windows, bottles, etc.
Low price,
Forms shapes easily
Low thermal shock resistance
Borosilicate
Alumina (Al2O3)
Boron oxide (B2O3)
Lab glassware
Cookware
Lamp bulbs
(Pyrex)
Withstands thermal shock better and higher temps
More expensive,
Harder to work
Lead-alkali
(lead crystal)
Sodium oxide
Lead oxide
Art glass,
Expensive glassware
Sparkle,
High electrical resistance
Toxicity,
Doesn’t w/stand thermal shock or high temp