2.  Industrialization  Urbanization

3.  Population of cities grows rapidly › Why? › Where did people come from?  Cities expand outward › Technological change › Before 1850: “walking cities” › Gilded Age: public transportation  Consequences?

4.  Cities expand upward › Birth of the skyscraper › Height no longer restricted  Expansion without master plan › City Beautiful Movement › Zoning Laws  Environment and Public Health › Filth, pollution, overcrowding

5.  Upper Class › Conspicuous consumption  Display wealth to prove you are wealthy to others  Parties, mansions, philanthropy › Followed by the press  Middle Class › Professionals had been there, now welcomed new jobs › WASPS (White, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants) › Lived in suburbs; gender roles strict › Role of children changes

6.  Working Class (poor) › Dumbbell tenements in inner city › Overcrowded › Everyone works › Lack of family time › Immigrants  Catholic/Jewish  Escape persecution or poverty  Ethnic neighborhoods  Leads to re-birth of nativism (Chinese Exclusion Act 1882)

9.  Mark Twain novel › Satire of greed of era › Looked past national prosperity to the poverty and corruption in society

10.  Electric Lights › Revolutionizes “free time”  Spectator Sports  Yellow Journalism  Changes in behavior of young people

11.  Public education expands › Why? › birth of k-12 education › Colleges & Graduate schools  Most children don’t attend › Why?  Women gain education opportunities › 40% of college students  African-Americans › Black colleges founded (Why?) › Booker T. Washington

12.  Doctrine of separate spheres › More college graduates stayed single › More use of contraceptives  Work outside home  Less restrictive clothing

13.  Men worried modern life made them effeminate › Loss of autonomy › Growth of sports, exercise, reading  Age of the bachelor › Acceptable not to marry › Restaurants, personal services, bars