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2. Ecological legacies are: Anything handed down from a pre-disturbance ecosystem (Perry 1994). The carry-over or memory of the system with regard to past events (Little et al. 1997). A framework for elucidating the influence of past events or past conditions on the structure and dynamics of extant ecosystems (Moorhead et al. 1999).

3. What? (write on your pink sticky notes) Boreal ecological legacies are:

4. Ecological legacies are: “Grunge” ecology? Old wine in a new bottle? Everything?

5. Can ecological legacies help us understand the resilience or vulnerability of boreal forest ecosystems to changing climate?

6. Establish biogeochemical linkages between ecosystems in time Requires temporal trends in the balance between inputs and outputs; not at steady state Help us understand temporal variation—juxtapose past pools with present fluxes to understand change Shed light on transient states in ecosystem response to change Material legacies:

8. Post-fire SOL C (gC m -2 ) 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Pre-fire SOL C (gC m -2 ) 2000 0 4000 60008000 10000 Mean depth ~ 9cm Residual SOL-C pools and successional trajectory Spruce → Spruce Spruce → Mixed Spruce → Deciduous 1:1 Decadal trajectories: Spruce = 30 Mixed = 17 Deciduous = 35 [0 trees = 8]

9. Carbon pool (gC m -2 ) Years after fire Spruce→Spruce Spruce→Deciduous Net C accumulation (t 100 -t 1 ): Spruce 2877 g C m -2 Deciduous 7110 % legacy carbon at t 100 : Spruce 64 % Deciduous 28 NECB (t 100 -t 0 ): Spruce 375 g C m -2 Deciduous 3,233 Ecosystem carbon pools over the disturbance cycle t 0 Pre-fire (2004) t 1 Post-fire (2004) Chronosequences

10. Ecosystem C:N ratio over the disturbance cycle Spruce→Spruce Spruce→Deciduous

11. High severity fire Long fire-free interval (succession) Thick organic layer Cool, moist soils Slow decomposition Slow nutrient turnover High moss NPP Thin organic layer Warm, dry soils Fast decomposition High vascular growth and litter production Low moss NPP Low severity fire Fast nutrient turnover Are legacies a source of resilience? Low vascular NPP

12. ↑[CO 2 ] ↑ T ↑ Fire + + ↓Soil C,N - Results: Spruce→Deciduous ↑ Deciduous trees + - ↑ NECB 100 - ↓ Soil C < ↑ Plant C * - -

13. Or do legacies render ecosystems vulnerable to change? Shur and Jorgenson 2007

14. Do legacies render ecosystems vulnerable to change? Schuur et al. 2009

15. Atmospheric CO 2 NPP N Availability Permafrost SOM Decomposition Heterotrophic Respiration & Other C Losses Regional Warming Permafrost Thaw + + + + + + + + ? + + Net Ecosystem Carbon Balance - Saturation - Rhizosphere C, N, O 2 + +

16. Are ecological legacies a source of resilience to changing climate? (yellow sticky notes) Or Do they render ecosystems vulnerable to state change? (orange sticky notes)