1. Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan Al-Azhar University Lecture 1
Microprocessor
Dr. Rabie A. Ramadan
Al-Azhar University
Lecture 1

2. Class Materials Text book
Ramesh S. Gaonkar, The Z80 Microprocessor architecture , Interfacing, Programming, and Design,.
Term paper/Project
Select your topic or your project (HW) as early as possible
Group of max. 2 students 2

3. Schedule and Arrangement
2 Classes Weekly
1 Tutorial Weekly
We may substitute one of the lectures by a tutorial according to the class requirements.

4. Participation You are expected to attend all of the lectures
Exams will be based on the class materials
Group Activities
Very Important

5. Assignments and Quizzes
Must be submitted on time
Late assignments will be accepted within one week with substantial penalties
One Quiz (15 minutes ) Every Week . Please come ready

6. Learning is a treasure whose keys are questions
Learning is a treasure whose keys are questions. So do not be afraid to ask.
I have no problem saying, I made a mistake and the right thing is … or I do not know and I have to look it up

7. Lets Get Started

8. Computing Evolution
We Have Come a Long Way!!

9. It begins in 1938, the outbreak of World War II, and a large problem faced by the United States Army that was in dire need of a fast solution.
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer[1], was the first large-scale, electronic, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems[2], although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory. The first problems run on the ENIAC however, were related to the design of the hydrogen bomb.
The contract was signed on June 5, 1943 and Project PX was constructed by Penn's Moore School of Electrical Engineering from July, It was unveiled on February 15, 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to the Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in There, on July 29 of that year, it was turned on and would be in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) begins in 1938

10. Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago
In 1954, scientists from the RAND Corporation have created this model to illustrate how a home computer could look like in the year However, the needed technology will not be economically feasible for the average home. Also the scientists readily admit that the computer will require not yet invented technology to actually work, but 50 years from now scientific progress is expected to solve these problems. With the teletype interface and the Fortran language, the computer will be easy to use.
From 1954 popular mechanics magazine
Home computer as imagined more than 50 years ago

11. The Computer Evolution
Mobile
Mainframe
Computer, 1960
Mini-Computer, 1970
The PC, 1980
Platforms 2000
Sensor
Smart Dust …

12. Moore’s Law 1965 prediction by Intel cofounder Gordon Moore:
The number of transistors that can be built on the same size piece of silicon will double every 18 months

13. Intel has just announced that it will begin making new microprocessor chips in the second half of this year that are designed for computers but they can also be used in consumer devices. They combine processing power and energy efficiency.
Intel uses new material that can help overcome the problem of leaking current as the insulation material gets thinner.
Currently much of industry builds chips in 90-nanometer technology (1000 transistors would fit in the width of a human hair)
In 2005 Intel began making chips at 65 nanometer
Now, Intel is moving to 45 nanometer technology
New insulator composed of alloy of hafnium

14. Bell’s Law: New computing class every 10 years
log (people per computer)
Streaming Data to/from the Physical World
In 2005 the computer classes include: mainframes (60's); minicomputers (70's); personal computers and workstations evolving into a network enabled by Local Area Networking or Ethernet (80's); web browser client-server structure that were enabled by the Internet (90's); web services e.g. Microsoft's .Net (2000's) or the Grid; cell phone sized devices c(2000); Wireless Sensor Networks aka motes (>c2005). Bell predicts home and body area networks will form by 2010
year
Excerpted from ‘The Mote Revolution: Low Power Wireless Sensor Network’, UCB, 2004.

15. Ubiquitous Computing: A Vision Ahead of his Time
The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.
Mark Weiser, 1991

16. Where is the Microprocessor ?
It is inside of every device that we have such as computer , printers , mobile , etc..

17. What is the Microprocessor?
Multipurpose , programmable logic device.
Reads Instructions from the Memory
Accepts binary input data
Process the data according to the instructions
Produces Output

18. A typical Programmable Machine/System
Microprocessor , Memory, and I/O
Microprocessor
Memory
I/O

19. The System Components Hardware  Physical Devices
Program  a group of instructions preformed by the microprocessor
Software  a group of programs
Microprocessor
Memory
I/O

20. Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller
A microcontroller contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals.
Microcontrollers include an integrated CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both) and peripherals capable of input and output.
Microprocessor only contains a CPU (the kind used in a PC). In addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor,
The microcontroller includes all of the required components on one chip.
The microprocessor includes some of the components on a chip and other components are used as peripherals.

21. What numbering System a Microprocessor Uses?
Binary System
A Bit is 0 or 1
The processor processes a group of bits called Word.
The word size could be:
8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, or 64-bits
Therefore, the processor is named after the word size. e.g. We say “ 8-bit Microprocessor”

22. A Microprocessor as a Programmable Device
The piano is a programmable machine
With its key , we can generate notes
The Microprocessor has different instructions :
Can be combined in different ways to generate different programs.
Instructions are stored in a Memory

23. The Memory

24. Word Addressing
Given M words , how many bits l are required to address them?
Example: to address 64 MB, we need

25. Memory Organization
Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an address
A memory address is an index into the array
"Byte addressing" means that successive addresses are one byte apart 1 2 3 4 5 6
...
8 bits of data

26. Types of Memory Cache Memory RAM (Main Memory)
Serves as a buffer for frequently accessed data
Small  High Cost
RAM (Main Memory)
Stores programs and data that the computer needs when executing a program
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Uses Tiny Capacitors
Needs to be recharged every few milliseconds to keep the stored data
Static RAM (SRAM)
Holds its data as long as the power is on
D Flip Flop

27. Types of Memory (Cont.) ROM Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
Stores critical information necessary to operate the system.
Hardwired  can not be programmed
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)
Can be programmed once using appropriate equipment
Erasable PROM (EPROM)
Can be programmed with special tool
It has to be totally erased to be reprogrammed
Electrical Erasable PROM (EEPROM)
No special tools required
Can erase a portion

28. Memory Hierarchy The idea
Hide the slower memory behind the fast memory
Cost and performance play major roles in selecting the memory.

29. Hit Vs. Miss Hit Miss Hit rate Miss rate
The requested data resides in a given level of memory.
Miss
The requested data is not found in the given level of memory
Hit rate
The percentage of memory accesses found in a given level of memory.
Miss rate
The percentage of memory accesses not found in a given level of memory.

30. Input / Output Input Devices Output Devices:
Switches , Keyboard , ….
Output Devices:
Seven Segments (LEDs) , printer , Monitor ,..
The processor reads the instructions from the memory , data from the input devices, processes them, produces the output

31. Microprocessor as CPU
-The CPU includes ALU, control Units , and Various Registers
-Known as Microprocessor

32. The Von Neumann Model It uses von Neumann execution cycle
(also called the fetch-decode-execute cycle)

33. The Von Neumann Model (Cont.)
A cycle could be as follows:
The control unit fetches the next program instruction from the memory, using the program counter to determine where the instruction is located.
The instruction is decoded into a language the ALU can understand.
Any data operands required to execute the instruction are fetched from memory and placed into registers within the CPU.
The ALU executes the instruction and places the results in registers or memory.

34. Instruction Processing Von Neumann execution cycle
Decode instruction
Evaluate address
Fetch operands from memory
Execute operation
Store result
Fetch instruction from memory

35. The Modified Von Neumann Model
The data bus:
Moves data from main memory
to the CPU registers (and vice versa).
The address bus:
Holds the address of the data that
the data bus is currently accessing.
The control bus:
Carries the necessary control signals that specify how the
information transfer is to take place.

36. Advances in Semiconductor Technology
IC- Integrated Circuits  few transistors and diodes on one chip
SSI –small scale Integration few gates on one chip
MSI- Medium scale Integration- 100 gates on a chip
LSI – Large Scale Integration – 1000 gates on a chip
VLSI – Very large scale Integration
SLSI – Super Large Scale Integration
Borders between VLSI and SLSI are not strict.

37. Microprocessor Programming
Machine language
Instruction written in binary format
Assembly language
Text based format  Add A , B
High level Language
Source Code
Compiler / Interpreter
Object Code

38. Z80 Instructions and Alphanumeric Codes
8-bit word length
158 instructions
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange-
Each character has its equivalent binary format in a 7-bit code
EBCDIC – Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code – 8-bit code

39. Reading Assignment
Please read Chapter 1 in the textbook