1. Biogeochemical Cycles

2. 3 Fundamental Laws of Nature Conservation of Matter 1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy)

3. Earth: Matter does not come and go Earth is a Closed System to Matter

4. Biogeochemical Cycles: Reservoirs & Pathways Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

5. Some Major Cycles of Matter Water Cycle Rock Cycle Chemical Cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

6. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

7. Carbon Cycle: Reservoirs Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere 1x (= 7.3x10 17 grams carbon) 3x 55x 35,000x

8. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay

9. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Photosynthesis Respiration& Decay Burial & Lithification Weathering & Volcanism Dissolution Photosynthesis Burial & Lithification Exsolution

10. Carbon Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Human Impacts Burning fossil fuels: Increased combustion Deforestation: Decrease Photosynthesis Increase Respiration Net Effect: Increase in Carbon in Atmosphere

11. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide northern summer northern winter

13. Nitrogen Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Nitrogen fixation: bacteria lightning Waste & Decomposition Denitification: bacteria Erosion Absorption

14. Nitrogen- Fixing Bacteria in Root Nodules

15. Nitrogen Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Nitrogen fixation: industrial (fertilizer) combustion Increased Erosion Human Impacts Net Effect: Increase in Nitrogen in water & soil

16. Phosphorous Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Never enters the atmosphere Waste & Decomposition Weathering & Erosion Absorption Sedimentation Absorption

17. Phosphorous Cycle Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Mining, use (fertilizer, detergent, etc.) & increased runoff Human Impacts Net Effect: Increase in phosphorous in water & “algal blooms”; Depletion in soils More Phos. for organisms

18. Eutrophication

19. Impact: Red Tide

20. Sulfur Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Volcanoes & Weathering Waste & Decomposition Deep Sea Vents Absorption Sedimentation Absorption Precipitation “Evaporation” Weathering Bacteria Release Bacteria Absorption

21. Sulfur Cycle Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere Burning Fossil Fuels Precipitation” Acid Rain Human Impacts Net Effect: Increase in atmosphere (health effects) and acid rain

22. What is the ultimate interface of all 4 reservoirs for these cycles? Soil