1. Floodplain Management SESSION 4 Stream Systems on Dynamic Earth Hydrosphere Prepared By Donald R. Reichmuth, PhD.

2. Meteorological Framework Objectives: 1.Show Temperature & Pressure Gradients 2.Show Water Sources 3.Define A River Basin 4.Explain Published Resource Data 5.Illustrate Factors Affecting Weather 6.Discuss Metrological processes within the context case study floodplains.

3. North American Temperature Data Mid-Continent: (North Central US & Canadian Plains) Normally has cold winters and hot summers that causes Mid-Continent Winter High Pressure & Summer Low Pressure

4. Winter Temperature Data Typical Winter Pattern: Coldest in Northern Mid-Continent 2004 Departure: From Mean

5. North American Air Flow Monsoon Pattern: Monsoon Defined: A wind system that reverses direction between summer and winter.

6. Monsoon Air Flow

8. Earth’s Water Sources: Outer Space Volcanoes Rock Disintegration Total Volume: 309,000 Units One Unit (1) = 4475 Cubic Km (1070 Cubic Miles) 100 Units = Yearly Evaporation From Oceans 300,000 Units = Present Volume All Oceans

9. Water Distribution ( Total Units)

10. Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation From Oceans Wind Moves Moisture Laden Clouds Moisture Condenses & Falls Precipitation Falls Back Into Oceans Produces Stream Flow On Land Enters Groundwater On Land Water Returns To Oceans

11. Simplified Hydrologic Cycle

12. Detailed Hydrologic Cycle ( Units Per Year)

13. Runoff Defined Runoff (Two Forms): Surface Stream Flow Controlled by Surface Topography Groundwater Flow Controlled by Subsurface Structure

14. Catchment Defined The surface catchment area is that area of a River Basin upstream from a given point on a stream where “surface runoff” is determined. The groundwater catchment area is all areas that contribute recharge water to the subsurface aquifer.

15. River Basin Example

16. Basin Topographic Map Grand River NOTE: Subbasins Marked

17. Block Diagram Grand River Basin

18. Moisture Forecast http://www.cpc.ncp.noaa.gov/ ptoducts/analysis/monitoring/cdus/palmer_drought_outlook.gif http://www.cpc.ncp.noaa.gov/

19. River Forecast Centers www.nws.noaa.gov/er/nerfc

20. Hazards Assessment Briefing http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/predictions/threats http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/

21. Precipitation Data National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) National Water & Climate Center www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ Snow Survey & Water Supply www.nrcs.gov/programs/snowsurvey/ Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) wrcc@dri.edu

22. NRCS Snow Water Content http://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/snow/data.current.htm

23. River Basin Precipitation Data (wrcc@dri.edu)

24. Floodthreat Example

25. Flood Risk Example

26. Flood Warning Example April 11, 2004 Red River, ND

27. Palmer Drought Severity Index 1.A “Meteorological” Drought Index 2.Widely Used In The USA 3.Measures Abnormality 4.Range +6 ---- Extremely Wet 0 ------ Near Normal -6 ----- Extremely Dry

28. Dendrochronology Example: Determining Past Climate Conditions

29. Drought Information Center (NOAA) http://www.drought.noaa.gov/index.html Home Page Menu Lists Links To Numerous Products Precipitation Soil Moisture Drought Fire Potential Temperature

30. Drought Conditions http://drought.unl.edu/dm

31. Drought Prediction http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/expert_assessment/season_drought.gif http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/

32. Local Microclimates Orographic Precipitation Caused by Anabatic (Blowing Up Slope) Wind Rain Shadows Caused by Katabatic (Blowing Down Slope) Wind Lake Effects Caused by Wind Blowing Over Water Heat Islands Caused by Urban Heat Sources Acid Rain Caused by SO 4 Emissions

33. Topographic Influence

34. Effect of Smoke Stack Emissions

35. Effect Of Urban Heat Islands

36. Lake Effect On Snowfall

37. Average Runoff Patterns Low ----- Western Plains & Southwest High ----- New England, Appalachians, Gulf Coast & Pacific Northwest

38. Slide Presentation Prepared By Geomax, P.C. Dr. Donald R. Reichmuth, President 1023 W. 30 th Ave. Spokane, WA 99203-1324 Phone & FAX – 509-838-6390 E-mail – geomax@comcast.net