1. The Antecedents of Psychoanalysis

2. Roots of Psychoanalysis The Unconscious in Philosophy The Unconscious in Psychology Darwin and the Unconscious Approaches to Mental Illness and the Unconscious Approaches to Mental Illness and the Unconscious Hypnosis and the Unconscious

3. The Unconscious in Philosophy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Arthur Schopenhauer(1788-1860) Arthur Schopenhauer Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) Friedrich Herbart

4. Leibnitz...at every moment there is in us an infinity of perceptions, unaccompanied by awareness or reflection.... That is why we are never indifferent, even when we appear to be most so.... The choice that we make arises from these insensible stimuli, which... make us find one direction of movement more comfortable than the other. Unconscious (petites) perceptions guide our choices.

5. Schopenhauer Wrote The World as Will and Representation. The will is unconscious It manifests itself as sexual desire (the strongest, most active of desires) and as “love of life” Uses the concept of “repression”

6. Herbart Notion of “threshold of consciousness” To emerge into consciousness, an idea cannot be incongruous or irrelevant Inhibited ideas are unconscious Ideas struggle for conscious realization

7. The Unconscious in Psychology Fechner: the mind as an iceberg, most of it submerged and unconscious Wundt’s distinction between apprehension and apperception Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

8. Darwin and the Unconscious (through Romanes’ books) Hidden symbolism of behaviors and dreams Non rational aspects of thought and behavior (leading to the “id”) Centrality of sexuality, present in children too.

9. Approaches to Mental Illness Spiritual (demonology) Sociological (emprisonment w/ poor and criminal) Biological Psychological (moral therapy, hypnosis)

10. Therapy and the Unconscious: Hypnosis Anton Mesmer (1734-1815): magnetism Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893): catharsis under hypnosis Bernheim (1840-1919: post-hypnotic amnesia and suggestion Bernheim Pierre Janet(1859-1947) hysteria caused by repression and unconscious forces

11. The End