1. Chapter 13 Education and Religion

2. Education in Global Perspective Education and Industrialization –In the early years of the United States, there was no free public education –As industrialization progressed and fewer people made their living from farming: Formal education came to be regarded as essential to the well-being of society © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Educational Achievements in the United States

4. Education in Global Perspective Education in Japan –Emphasis on Solidarity Within Group –Discourages Competition among Individuals Education in Russia –Education, including College, was Free –Post-Soviet Russia is Reinventing Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Education in Global Perspective Education in Egypt –Most People Work so Find Little Need for Education –Mandatory Attendance Laws that Exist are Not Enforced –Most Cannot Afford Education © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Functionalist Perspective: Providing Social Benefits Teaching Knowledge and Skills Cultural Transmission of Values Social Integration Gatekeeping Replacing Family Functions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social Inequality The Hidden Curriculum Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding The Bottom Line: Family Background –Reproducing the Social Class Structure –Reproducing the Racial–Ethnic Structure © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Who Goes to College? Comparing Social Class and Ability in Determining College Attendance

9. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Funneling Effects of Education: Race- Ethnicity

10. Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Education: 2002–2003

11. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Fulfilling Teacher Expectations The Rist Research (Ray Rist 1970, 2007) –Rist: each child’s journey through school was determined by the eighth day of kindergarten! How Do Teacher Expectations Work? –How teacher expectations affect grades © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Teacher Expectations and Learning © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Fast Learners Middle Learners Slow Learners Teacher

13. The Self-fulfilling Prophecy Rosenthal and Jacobson experiment: Five random elementary school students were labeled as having superior intelligence and ability. Teachers expected them to do well and treated them in a way that encouraged better school performance.

14. Rosenthal and Jacobson Experiment All students at an elementary school were tested at the beginning of the school year 20 percent of those students were selected at random - and their teachers were told that they could be expected to "bloom" or "spurt" in their academics that year At the end of the year, they came back and re- tested all the students.

15. Rosenthal and Jacobson Experiment

16. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. National Results of the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)

17. Figure 42-2: Annual Median Earnings by Educational Level Module 43

18. Figure 42-4: Tuition Costs, 1976 – 2007 Module 42

19. The Sociological Approach to Religion █ Durkheim and the Importance of Religion –Religion: Unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things (Durkheim) –Collective act: Includes many forms of behavior in which people interact with others Module 44

20. The Sociological Approach to Religion Durkheim and the Importance of Religion –Sacred: elements beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect, and even fear –Profane: includes the ordinary and commonplace Module 44

21. World Religions 89% of world’s population adheres to some religion –Christianity largest faith, Islam 2nd largest –Judaism forms historical foundation for Christianity and Islam –Hinduism embraces number of gods and reincarnation –Buddhism developed as reaction against Hinduism; uses meditation to overcome selfish cravings Module 44

22. Simple supernaturalism - the belief that supernatural forces affect people's lives positively or negatively. Animism - the belief that plants, animals, and elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits that impact events in society. Four Categories of Religion

23. Theism - belief in a God or gods. –Monotheism: a single God –Polytheism: two or more gods Transcendent idealism - belief in sacred principles of thought and conduct, such as truth, justice, life and tolerance for others. Four Categories of Religion

24. Three Elements of Religion Beliefs that Some Things are Sacred Practices Centering on Things Considered Sacred A Moral Community Resulting from a Group’s Beliefs and Practices © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

25. The Functionalist Perspective Functions of Religion –Questions about Ultimate Meaning –Emotional Comfort –Social Solidarity –Guidelines for Everyday Life © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

26. The Functionalist Perspective –Social Control –Social Change Dysfunctions of Religion –Religion as Justification for Persecution –War and Terrorism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Focus on the meanings that people give their experiences Religious Symbols Rituals Beliefs Religious Experience © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

28. Conflict Perspective Marx’s Opium of the People Legitimization of Social Inequalities –Social Arrangements Represent God’s Desires –Divine Rights of Kings –Pharaoh as God –Hindu Cast System © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism - Weber Max Weber disagreed with the conflict perspective Weber observed the early industrialization of Europe Source of Profound Social Change Religion Held the Key to Modernization The spirit of capitalism © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

30. Types of Religious Groups Cults –Begin with Charismatic Leader –All Religions Started this Way –Most Cults Fail Sects –Loosely Organized and Fairly Small –Emphasize Personal Salvation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Types of Religious Groups Churches –Highly Bureaucratized –National and International –Relationship with God Less Intense Ecclesia –State Religions; part of Cultural Identification Variations in Patterns © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

32. Religious Groups: From Hostility to Acceptance

33. Religion in the U.S. Characteristics of Members –Social Class –Race-Ethnicity Characteristics of Religious Groups –Diversity –Pluralism and Freedom © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Religion in the U.S. –Competition and Recruitment –Commitment –Toleration –Fundamentalist Revival –The Electronic Church © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

37. The Future of Religion Religion Thrives Science Cannot Tell Us About… –The Existence of God –The Purpose of Life –An Afterlife –Morality © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.