1. WWI, Great Depression, WWII

2. Path to WWI – A Powder Keg By 1900, Europeans, controlled most other peoples of the world. An Accident Waiting to Happen - modernization made European rivalries greater - both Italy and Germany unified ca. 1870 - rise of a powerful new Germany was a disruptive new element By around 1900, Europe was shaped by two rival alliances - Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria, Italy) - Triple Entente (Russia, France, Britain) - These alliances turned a minor incident into WWI

3. Path to The Great War June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne - Austria was determined to crush the nationalism movement - Serbia had Russia (and Russia’s allies) behind it - war broke out by August 1914

4. Frans Ferdinand Assassinated

5. Factors Contributing to “The Great War” Popular nationalism - freedom movements like that of Serbia - intense nationalist competition between countries - assured widespread popular support for starting war

6. More Causes of WWI Industrialized militarism - military men had great prestige - all states had standing armies, conscription - arms race, especially in warships - all states had elaborate plans for what to do if war broke out - large number of new weapons had been invented (tanks, submarines, airplanes, poison gas, machine guns, barbed wire) - result: some 10 million people died in WWI, perhaps 20 million wounded

7. Factors Contributing to “The Great War” Europe’s colonial empires - funneled colonial troops and laborers into the war effort - battles in Africa and South Pacific - Japan (allied with Britain) took German possessions - Ottoman Empire (allied with Germany) suffered intense military operations and an Arab revolt (Lawrence of Arabia) United States joined the war in 1917 when German submarines sunk the Lusitania

8. Foreshadowing War

9. Zimmerman Telegram

11. Lusitania

12. The Great War Most expected WWI to be a quick war - Germany was finally defeated November 1918 Became a war of attrition (“trench warfare”) - some battles lasted months and generated massive casualties (war of attrition) Became “total war”—each country’s whole population was mobilized - enormous expansion of government authority - massive propaganda campaigns to arouse citizens - women replaced men in factories - labor unions accepted sacrifices

13. Trench Warfare

15. The Great War The war left widespread disillusionment among intellectuals in its wake - led to questioning of Enlightenment values - led to questioning of the superiority of the West and its science Rearrangement of the map of Central Europe - creation of independent Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia - created new problems of ethnic minorities - triggered the Russian Bolshevik revolution (1917)

16. Christmas Day Armistice

17. The Aftermath of War The Treaty of Versailles (1919) made the conditions that caused WWII - Germany lost its colonial empire and 15 percent of its European territory - Germany was required to pay heavy reparations - Germany suffered restriction of its military forces - Germany had to accept sole responsibility for the outbreak of the war - Germans resented the treaty immensely

18. Fall of The Ottoman Empire Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire - the Armenian genocide - creation of new Arab states - British promises to both Arabs and Jews created a new problem in Palestine

19. Aftermath of The Great War In Asia and Africa, many gained military skills and political awareness - Britain promised to start the process of creating self- government in India in return for war help - Japan was strengthened by the war - Japan’s assumption of German privileges and territory in China inspired some Chinese to adopt Soviet-style communism

20. The US After the War The United States appeared as a global power - U.S. manpower had been important in the defeat of Germany - the United States became Europe’s creditor Woodrow Wilson’s ideas - Fourteen Points - League of Nations - U.S. Senate refused to join the league

21. Treaty of Versailles

22. The Roaring Twenties The war loosened traditional values in Europe - enormous casualties promoted social mobility - women increasingly won the right to vote - flouting of sexual conventions - flappers - rise of a new consumerism - buying on credit - speculation of land and equities

23. Flappers doing the Charleston

24. The Great Depression Suggested that Europe’s economy was failing Worries about industrial capitalism - it had generated individualist materialism - it had created enormous social inequalities - its instability caused great anxiety The Great Depression hit in 1929 - contracting stock prices wiped out paper fortunes - many lost their life’s savings - world trade dropped 62 percent within a few years - unemployment soared

25. The Great Depression

27. Causes of The Great Depression American economy boomed in the 1920s - factories and farms produced too much - Europe was impoverished by WWI and didn’t purchase many American products Speculative stock market - prices artificially high

28. Democracy? Socialism? The Depression was a major challenge to governments - capitalist governments had thought that the economy would regulate itself - the Soviet Union’s economy had grown throughout the 1930s - in response, some states turned to “democratic socialism,” - greater regulation of the economy - more equal distribution of wealth

29. Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover was old school - Adam Smith – laissez faire - Americans become impatient… FDR is elected

30. FDR’s New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt - Follows John Maynard Keynes’ economic ideology - deficit spending to stimulate the economy FDR’s “New Deal” – alphabet soup - efforts to “prime the pump” of the economy - Social Security, minimum wage, and welfare for poor - many new government agencies to supervise the economy FDR’s policies did not fix the economy. They added to the scale and duration of the economic crisis. (according to most economists)

31. FDR’s New Deal

32. Democracy Denied: Comparing Italy, Germany, and Japan Democracy questioned in the wake of World War I - the challenge of communism - authoritarian (submit to authority, limit freedom, oppose democracy) - nationalist - anti-Communist regimes Authoritarian states of Italy, Germany, and Japan allied with each other by 1936–1937 1940: formal military alliance (the Axis powers)

33. The Fascist Alternative in Europe Fascism became popular in Europe post-WWI - intensely nationalistic - exalted action over reflection - looked to charismatic leadership - against individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism - determined to overthrow existing regimes Fascism appealed to dissatisfied people in all social classes - achieved major power in Italy and Germany

34. Fascism first developed in Italy Social tensions exacerbated by economic crisis Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) put together a private army, the Black Shirts - use violence as a political tool - won power in 1922 - big business supported him - feared communism and wanted social order

35. Mussolini in Power Once in power, Mussolini built state power - clamped down on opponents - created a “corporate state” economically - reached an accord with the papacy (1929) - women as domestic baby-factories - invasion of Ethiopia (1935) to avenge defeat of 1896

36. Benito Mussolini

37. Hitler and the Nazis German fascism was more important than that of Italy Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) Many similarities to Italian fascism Grew out of the collapse of the German imperial state after WWI - Weimar Republic, negotiated peace - traditional elites were disgraced - myth - Germany didn’t lose war but had been betrayed by civilians (socialists, Communists, and Jews) i.e. Elders of Zion

38. The Nazi Party - gradually won support from middle class and landowners - widespread economic suffering: massive inflation in 1923 - everyone wanted decisive government action - the National Socialist (Nazi) Party won growing public support

39. Nazi Party’s 25 Points

40. Hitler and the Nazis The Nazis had only 2.6 percent of the vote in 1928; 37 percent in 1932 - Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933 (democratically elected) As chancellor, Hitler suppressed all other political parties, arrested opponents, censured the press, and assumed police power - successfully brought Germany out of the Depression (questionable) - by the late 1930s, had majority support - invoked rural and traditional values

41. Hitler and The Jews Used Jews as the ultimate scapegoat for the ills of society (devolution) - emphasis on a racial revolution - Jews were increasingly excluded from public life Nuremberg Laws (1935) forbade racial mixing of Jews with other Germans and forced Jews to wear the Star of David as identifier Kristallnacht (Nov. 9, 1938): massive destruction and looting of Jewish-owned shops

42. Japanese Authoritarianism Japan was also a newcomer to “great power” status - like Germany and Italy, moved to authoritarian government and territorial expansion Important differences: - Japan played only a minimal role in WWI - at Versailles, Japan was an equal participant on the winning side

43. Japan Becomes Powerful 1920s: Japan was apparently moving toward democracy - expansion of education - creation of an urban consumer society - greater individual freedoms, including for women - lower-class movements worked for greater equality

44. Japanese Authoritarianism Elite reaction - Peace Preservation Law (1925): prison or death for anyone who organized against the imperial government or private property The Great Depression hit Japan hard - doubted democracy and capitalism - extreme nationalism - hostility to parliamentary democracy - commitment to leadership focused around the emperor - dedication to foreign expansion

45. Restrictions in Japan Shift in Japanese public life in the 1930s - government jobs - bureaucrats or military figures, not to party leaders - the military became more dominant - free expression was increasingly limited Japan was less repressive than Germany or Italy

46. The Road to War in Asia Japanese imperial ambitions rose in the 1920s and 1930s - 1931: Japanese military units seized control of Manchuria - established the puppet state of Manchukuo Western criticism led Japan to withdraw from League of Nations - by 1936, Japan was more closely aligned with Germany/Italy - 1937: major attack on the Chinese heartland started WWII in Asia International opinion was against Japan; Japan felt threatened - growing belief that Western racism was in the way of Japan being accepted as an equal power - Japan was heavily dependent on foreign goods - imperialist powers controlled the resources of Southeast Asia

47. The Road to War in Asia 1940–1941: Japan launched conquest of European colonies - wanted to “liberate” their fellow Asians - the reality was highly brutal rule by the Japanese December 1941: attack on Pearl Harbor - after the USA imposed an oil embargo on Japan - Japanese authorities couldn’t see a way around U.S. hostility; saw no choice but war Pearl Harbor joined the Asian and European theaters of war into a single global struggle

48. December 7 th 1941

49. The Road to War in Europe Nazis promised to rectify the injustices of Versailles At first, Britain, France, and the USSR were unwilling to confront German aggression War was perhaps actually desired by the Nazi leadership - Hitler stressed the need for “living space” in Eastern Europe - began rearmament in 1935 - 1938: annexation of Austria and Western Czechoslovakia - 1939: attack on Poland—triggered WWII in Europe

50. Germany at War Germany quickly gained control of most of Europe - rapid defeat of France - air war against Britain - invasion of the USSR Germany’s new tactic of blitzkrieg was initially very successful - but was stopped by Soviet counterattack in 1942 - Germans were finally defeated in May 1945

51. The Outcomes of Global Conflict Estimated 60 million people died in WWII - more than half the casualties were civilians - the line between civilian and military targets was blurred The USSR suffered more than 40 percent of the total number of deaths - massive destruction

52. Post-War China also suffered massive attacks against civilians - in many villages, every person and animal was killed - the Rape of Nanjing (1937–1938): 200,000–300,000 Chinese civilians were killed; countless women were raped Bombing raids on Britain, Japan, and Germany showed the new attitude toward “total war” Governments’ mobilization of economies, people, and propaganda reached further than ever before Large numbers of women were drawn into industry and the military

53. Rape of Nanjing

54. The Outcomes of Global Conflict The Holocaust: over 6 million Jews were killed in genocide - millions of others considered undesirable were also killed by the Nazis WWII left Europe impoverished, with its industrial infrastructure in ruins and millions of people homeless or displaced - Europe soon was divided into U.S. and Soviet spheres of influence

55. Outcomes of War Weakened Europe could not hold onto its Asian and African colonies WWII consolidated and expanded the communist world - Soviet victory over Germany gave credibility to the communist regime - communist parties took power across Eastern Europe Growing internationalism - creation of the United Nations (1945) - establishment of the World Bank and IMF (1945) The new dominance of the United States as a global superpower

56. The Recovery of Europe How Europe recovered: - industrial societies are very resilient - Western Europe integrated their recovering economies - USA was a reservoir of resources for the whole West - USA - only country not physically touched by WWII - by 1945, the United States accounted for 50 percent of all world production

57. Marshall Plan USA rebuilt Europe: the Marshall Plan - magnificently successful - required the European recipients to cooperate with each other - 1951: creation of the European Coal and Steel Community - 1957: creation of the European Economic Community (Common Market) - 1994: transformation of EEC into the European Union - 2002: twelve member states adopted a common currency - political and military security against the Soviet threat Created - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

58. Marshall Plan

59. Recovery in Japan U.S. occupation between 1945 and 1952 Remarkable economic growth for two decades after WWII - Assisted by U.S. economic aid Japan depended on the United States for security, since it was forbidden to maintain military forces