1. TISSUE ORGANIZATION Histology - is the study of tissues

2. EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS 4 Ectoderm - epidermis of the skin,nervous system 4 Endoderm - functional lining of the digestive, respiratory tract; accessory organs and glands such as lungs, stomach,pancreas 4 Mesoderm - skeletal system, muscular system, and circulatory system

4. MAIN TISSUE TYPES 4 Epithelial 4 Connective 4 Muscle 4 Nervous

5. EPITHELIAL TISSUE 4 Location –sheets or layers lining body tubes, cavities, or covering body surfaces –Form many glands

6. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 4 Form sheets, layers 4 Cells fit together tightly 4 One edge attached to basement membrane 4 No blood supply 4 Regenerate quickly 4 Many are secretory 4 Supported by connective tissue

7. FUNCTIONS 4 Protection 4 Absorption 4 Filtration 4 Secretion 4 Gas exchange

8. EPITHELIAL TISSUE TYPES 4 Number of layers –simple epithelium –stratified epithelium –pseudostratified epithelium 4 Shape of cells –squamous (flat) –cuboidal ( cubed) –columnar ( tall) –transitional (varies)

9. Examples of Epithelial Tisuue 4 Simple squamous 4 Simple cuboidal 4 Simple columnar –ciliated 4 Pseudostratified columnar 4 Stratified squamous –keratinized –non-keratinized 4 Stratified cuboidal 4 Stratified columnar 4 Transitional 4 Glandular

22. 4 endocrine (ductless) - secrete hormones into blood 4 exocrine- secrete through ducts to specific locations unicellular - “goblet cells” multicellular –modes of secretion »apocrine - apex pinches off »holocrine - accumulate until rupture »merocrine -most common;secrete by exocytosis Glandular Epithelial Tissue Types

23. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Most abundant and widespread tissue found in the body

24. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 4 Many types with great diversity 4 Very good blood supply 4 Cells usually spaced apart from each other 4 Intercellular material (matrix) separating cells 4 No free surface 4 Derived from mesenchyme 4 Consist of ground substance, fibers, cells

25. Connective Tissue Functions 4 Physical protection 4 Support 4 Binding 4 Absorb shock 4 Insulation 4 Stores energy 4 Blood production 4 Immunity

26. Types of Fibers 4 Collagen - very tough and strong –contains collagen protein 4 Elastic - very flexible and stretchable –contains elastin protein 4 Reticular - forms network mesh –contains collagen & glycoprotein

27. Types of Cells 4 Fibroblast - “fiber- forming cells” 4 Macrophage - “big eaters” phagocytic white blood cells 4 Mast cell - sentry cells; detect foreign substances; produce inflammatory chemicals –heparin; histamine 4 Plasma cells - produce antibodies 4 WBC - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes 4 Adipose - store fat

28. Connective Tissue Proper 4 Loose Connective(Areolar) - attaches skin to underlying body parts; superficial fascia 4 Adipose - energy storage; insulation 4 Reticular - binds smooth muscles together

34. 4 Regular dense connective tissue(fibrous) –tendon; ligaments 4 Irregular dense –fascia, periosteum 4 Elastic connective –blood vessels, lung tissue

38. Cartilage 4 Hyaline cartilage (gristle) –ends of long bone, nose tip, connects ribs to sternum 4 Elastic cartilage –external ear 4 Fibrocartilage –between pubic symphysis –discs between vertebrae

43. OSSEOUS TISSUE - BONE MATRIX 30% collagen fibers 70% mineral salts

44. Osseous Tissue 4 Types of Cells –osteocytes –osteoblasts –osteoclasts 4 Types of Bone –Cancellous (Spongy) Bone - trabeculae –Compact Bone - Haversian Canal System

47. Blood Tissue (Vascular) 4 Hemopoietic Tissue (blood forming tissue) 4 Types of Cells: –erythrocytes (RBC’s) –leukocytes (WBC’s) –platelets (thrombocytes)

50. MUSCLE TISSUE Contractile tissue Responsible for movement

51. Skeletal Muscle - Voluntary 4 Long, threadlike cells with parallel fibers 4 Cells are multinucleate with nuclei located peripherally; striated 4 Usually attached to long bones

54. Smooth Muscle - Involuntary 4 Spindle shaped cells with single nucleus per cell 4 No striations 4 Located in blood vessels, walls of hollow organs, and the gastrointestinal tract

57. Cardiac Muscle - Involuntary 4 Branched cells with striated fibers 4 Intercalated discs 4 Only a single nucleus per cell 4 Only found in the heart

60. NERVE TISSUE Characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals

61. Nervous Tissue 4 Located in the brain and spinal cord (CNS) and in the nerves (PNS) 4 Sensitive to changes in the internal and external environment 4 Conducts nerve impulses to other neurons/body parts

62. NERVE TISSUE 4 Functions in coordinating, regulating, and integrating body activities 4 Types of Cells: –neuroglial cells - support cells –neuron - cell body, axon, dendrites

64. MEMBRANES Thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity

65. Epithelial Membranes 4 Cutaneous membrane - skin 4 Serous membrane - (serosa) –found in closed cavities parietal membrane - lines inside of cavities visceral membrane - covers organs 4 Mucous membrane - mucosa –line cavities that open to the exterior

66. Connective Tissue Membranes 4 Synovial Membrane –line spaces between bones in joints –secrete synovial fluid