1. Chapter 40 Reading Quiz 1.Anatomy is the ____ of an organism; Physiology is the study of the ____ an organism performs. 2.____ are groups of cells with a common structure & function. 3.Name two organ systems.

2. Had to go to a meeting…should be back soon Go through these slides Discuss and compare to what you have on your lecture guide Continue on to Chapter 41 if I’m not back yet…

3. 1. Describe the hierarchy of cellular organization. 1.Cells 2.Tissue 3.Organs 4.Organ system 5.Organism

4. 2. Describe the types of epithelial tissue and where it is found. 1.Simple epithelium  single layer of cells 2.Stratified epithelial  multiple tiers of cells  Cuboidal  like dice  Columnar  like bricks  Squamous  like floor tiles  Covers outside of body & lines organs and cavities within the body

8. 3. Describe the types of connective tissue and where it is found. 1.Collagenous fibers  made of collagen, nonelastic, doesn’t tear easily (keeps flesh from tearing away from bone 2.Elastic fibers  long threads of protein called elastin (rubber quality allows pinched skin to restore original shape) 3.Reticular fibers  thin & branched; joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues 

9.  Adipose  loose, connective matrix (fat)  Fibrous  tendons & ligaments  Cartilage  rubber matrix (flexible support)  Bone  mineralized connective tissue (bone forming osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen, but release Ca, Mg, and phosphate ions  Blood  liquid of water, salts, and dissolved proteins (plasma) - 2 classes of blood cells: erythrocytes (RBC’s) leukocytes (WBC’s)

11. 4. Describe the types of muscle tissue and where it is found. Muscle tissue  long cells capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses 1.Skeletal  attached to bones by tendons, voluntary movements of body; striated by overlapping filaments 2.Cardiac  forms contractile wall of heart, striated, cells are branched and joined by intercalated discs which relay signals from cell to cell at heartbeat 3.Smooth  lacks striations, found in walls of digestive tract, bladder, arteries, internal organs; involuntary

14. 5. Briefly overview the bioenergetics of an animal. Animals derive chemical energy from the environment in food Nutrient molecules are absorbed and ATP produced to fuel systems All cellular work involves a loss of energy to the environment as heat

16. 6. Distinguish between basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate. BMR  metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest with an empty stomach and experiencing no stress - 1300 – 1800 calories per day SMR  the metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm

18. 7. Describe how metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to body size among similar animals. Surface area to volume ratio For example: - each gram of a mouse consumes 10 times more calories than a gram of elephant Smaller the animal, the greater the metabolic rate, breathing rate, and heart rate

19. 8. How is body posture related to how an animal supports it’s body weight? Posture  the position of the legs relative to the main body – is the most important design feature Muscles & tendons bear most of the load

20. 9. Describe how mechanisms of homeostasis moderate changes that occur in the internal environment. The internal environment is called “interstitial fluid” Homeostasis  stability in environment - temperature, pH, sugar levels, hormones - dynamic interplay between forces that tend to change the internal environment and internal control mechanisms that oppose changes

21. 10. Distinguish between negative and positive feedback. Negative  a change in the variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in the same direction - ex: heater switched on when temp drops too low Positive  a change in some variable that triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change - ex: childbirth  pressure stimulates greater pressure to bring it to completion