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Figure 4-1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells
Cilia Microvilli Apical surface Golgi apparatus p. 116 Nucleus Mitochondria Basement membrane Basolateral surfaces © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 1
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Figure 4-2 Cell Junctions
Interlocking junctional proteins Tight junction Tight junction Adhesion belt Terminal web Spot desmosome Adhesion belt Gap junctions Hemidesmosome Embedded proteins (connexons) Intermediate filaments Clear layer Basement membrane Dense layer Dense area Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) p. 117 Proteoglycans © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 2
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Figure 4-2a Cell Junctions
Tight junction Adhesion belt Terminal web Spot desmosome Gap junctions Hemidesmosome This is a diagrammatic view of an epithelial cell, showing the major types of intercellular connections. p. 117 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
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Figure 4-2b Cell Junctions
Interlocking junctional proteins Tight junction Terminal web Adhesion belt p. 117 A tight junction is formed by the fusion of the outer layers of two plasma membranes. Tight junctions prevent the diffusion of fluids and solutes between the cells. A continuous adhesion belt lies deep to the tight junction. This belt is tied to the microfilaments of the terminal web. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 4
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Figure 4-2c Cell Junctions
Embedded proteins (connexons) Gap junctions permit the free diffusion of ions and small molecules between two cells. p. 117 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
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Figure 4-2d Cell Junctions
Intermediate filaments Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Dense area Proteoglycans A spot desmosome ties adjacent cells together. p. 117 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 6
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Figure 4-2e Cell Junctions
Clear layer Basement membrane Dense layer Hemidesmosomes attach a cell to extracellular structures, such as the protein fibers in the basement membrane. p. 117 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
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Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia
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Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia
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Figure 4-4c Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia
Transitional Epithelium LOCATIONS: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters FUNCTIONS: Permits expansion and recoil after stretching Epithelium (relaxed) Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Empty bladder LM 400 Epithelium (stretched) Basement membrane LM 400 Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Full bladder LM 400 Urinary bladder p. 121 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
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Figure 4-3a Squamous Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs FUNCTIONS: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion Cytoplasm Nucleus Connective tissue LM 238 Lining of peritoneal cavity p. 119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
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Figure 4-3b Squamous Epithelia
Stratified Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina FUNCTIONS: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack Squamous superficial cells Stem cells Basement membrane Connective tissue Surface of tongue LM 310 p. 119 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 12
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Figure 4-4a Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland Connective tissue FUNCTIONS: Limited protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Cuboidal cells Basement membrane Kidney tubule LM 650 p. 121 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
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Figure 4-4b Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of some ducts (rare) FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Lumen of duct Stratified cuboidal cells Basement membrane Nuclei Connective tissue Sweat gland duct LM 500 p. 121 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 14
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Figure 4-4c Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia
Transitional Epithelium LOCATIONS: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters FUNCTIONS: Permits expansion and recoil after stretching Epithelium (relaxed) Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Empty bladder LM 400 Epithelium (stretched) Basement membrane LM 400 Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Full bladder LM 400 Urinary bladder p. 121 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
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Figure 4-5a Columnar Epithelia
Simple Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys Microvilli Cytoplasm FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Nucleus Basement membrane Loose connective tissue Intestinal lining LM 350 p. 122 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 16
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Figure 4-5b Columnar Epithelia
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract Cilia Cytoplasm FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia Nuclei Basement membrane Loose connective tissue Trachea LM 350 p. 122 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
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Figure 4-5c Columnar Epithelia
Stratified Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra Loose connective tissue Deeper basal cells FUNCTION: Protection Superficial columnar cells Lumen Lumen Cytoplasm Nuclei Basement membrane Salivary gland duct LM 175 p. 122 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 18
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Figure 4-6 Modes of Glandular Secretion.
(a) Merocrine secretion In merocrine secretion, the product is released from secretory vesicles at the apical surface of the gland cell by exocytosis. Secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus Nucleus TEM × 3039 Salivary gland (b) Apocrine secretion Apocrine secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm. Inclusions, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic components are shed in the process. The gland cell then grows and repairs itself before it releases additional secretions. Mammary gland Breaks down Golgi apparatus Hair Secretion Regrowth 1 2 3 4 Sebaceous gland Hair follicle (c) Holocrine secretion Holocrine secretion occurs as superficial gland cells burst. Continued secretion involves the replacement of these cells through the mitotic divisions of underlying stem cells. 3 Cells burst, releasing cytoplasmic contents 2 Cells form secretory products and increase in size p. 124 1 Cell division replaces lost cells © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Stem cell
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Figure 4-6a Modes of Glandular Secretion.
(a) Merocrine secretion In merocrine secretion, the product is released from secretory vesicles at the apical surface of the gland cell by exocytosis. Salivary gland Secretory vesicle Golgi apparatus Mammary gland Nucleus TEM × 3039 Hair Sebaceous gland Hair follicle p. 124 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 4-6b Modes of Glandular Secretion.
Salivary gland (b) Apocrine secretion Apocrine secretion involves the loss of apical cytoplasm. Inclu- sions, secretory vesicles, and other cytoplasmic components are shed in the process. The gland cell then grows and repairs itself before it releases additional secretions. Mammary gland Breaks down Golgi apparatus Hair Secretion Regrowth 1 2 3 4 Sebaceous gland Hair follicle p. 124 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 4-6c Modes of Glandular Secretion.
Salivary gland (c) Holocrine secretion Holocrine secretion occurs as superficial gland cells burst. Contin- ued secretion involves the replacement of these cells through the mitotic divisions of underlying stem cells. Mammary gland 3 Cells burst, releasing cytoplasmic contents 2 Cells form secretory products and increase in size Hair 1 Cell division replaces lost cells Sebaceous gland Stem cell Hair follicle p. 124 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
SIMPLE GLANDS Duct Gland cells SIMPLE TUBULAR SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR Examples: Examples: Examples: • Intestinal glands • Merocrine sweat • Gastric glands glands • Mucous glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum SIMPLE ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR Examples: Examples: • Not found in adult; a • Sebaceous (oil) p. 125 stage in development of simple branched glands glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
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Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
COMPOUND GLANDS COMPOUND TUBULAR COMPOUND ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR Examples: Examples: Examples: • Mucous glands (in mouth) • Mammary glands • Salivary glands • Bulbo-urethral glands (in • Glands of respiratory male reproductive system) passages • Testes (seminiferous tubules) • Pancreas p. 125 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 24
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Figure 4-8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper
Reticular fibers Mast cell Melanocyte Elastic fibers Fixed macrophage Plasma cell Free macrophage Collagen fibers Blood in vessel Fibroblast Adipocytes (fat cells) Mesenchymal cell Ground substance Lymphocyte p. 127 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 25
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Figure 4-10a Loose Connective Tissues.
Areolar Tissue LOCATIONS: Within and deep to the dermis of skin, and covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; between muscles; around joints, blood vessels, and nerves Fibrocytes Macrophage Collagen fibers FUNCTIONS: Cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens Mast cell Elastic fibers Areolar tissue from pleura LM × 380 a Areolar tissue p. 130 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 4-10a Adipose and Reticular Tissues
Adipose Tissue LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys FUNCTIONS: Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy Adipocytes (white adipose cells) LM 300 Adipose tissue p. 130 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 27
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Figure 4-10b Adipose and Reticular Tissues
LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting framework Reticular fibers Reticular tissue from liver LM 375 Reticular Tissue p. 130 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 28
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Figure 4-11a Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Regular Connective Tissue LOCATIONS: Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae Collagen fibers FUNCTIONS: Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones Fibroblast nuclei Tendon LM 440 p. 132 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 29
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Figure 4-11b Dense Connective Tissues
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder Collagen fiber bundles Deep dermis LM 111 p. 132 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 30
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Figure 4-11c Dense Connective Tissues
Elastic Tissue LOCATIONS: Between vertebrae of the spinal column (ligamentum flavum and ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls Elastic fibers FUNCTIONS: Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs Fibroblast nuclei Elastic ligament LM 887 p. 132 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 31
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Connective Tissues p. 133 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Figure 4-13a The Growth of Cartilage
Matrix New matrix Chondrocyte Lacuna Chondrocyte undergoes division within a lacuna surrounded by cartilage matrix. As daughter cells secrete additional matrix, they move apart, expanding the cartilage from within. Interstitial growth p. 134 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 33
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Figure 4-13b The Growth of Cartilage
Fibroblast Dividing stem cell Perichondrium New matrix Chondroblasts Immature chondrocyte Older matrix Mature chondrocyte Cells in the cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts. These immature chondroblasts secrete new matrix. As the matrix enlarges, more chondroblasts are incorporated; they are replaced by divisions of stem cells in the perichondrium. Appositional growth p. 134 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 34
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Figure 4-14a Types of Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces Chondrocytes in lacunae Matrix LM 500 Hyaline cartilage p. 135 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 35
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Figure 4-14b Types of Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx FUNCTIONS: Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape Chondrocyte in lacuna Elastic fibers in matrix LM 358 Elastic cartilage p © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 36
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Figure 4-14c Types of Cartilage
Fibrocartilage LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs FUNCTIONS: Resists compression; prevents bone- to-bone contact; limits movement Chondrocytes in lacunae Fibrous matrix LM 400 Fibrocartilage p. 135 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 37
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure Bone Fibrous layer Canaliculi Periosteum Cellular layer Osteocytes in lacunae Matrix Osteon Central canal Blood vessels Osteon LM 375 p. 136 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 38
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Table 4-2 A Comparison of Cartilage and Bone
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16a Membranes Mucous secretion Epithelium Lamina propria (areolar tissue) Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. p. 138 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 40
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16b Membranes Transudate Mesothelium Areolar tissue Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities). p. 138 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 41
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16d Membranes Articular (hyaline) tissue Synovial fluid Capsule Capillary Adipocytes Areolar tissue Synovial membrane Epithelium Bone Synovial membranes line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint. p. 138 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 42
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 4-16c Membranes Epithelium Areolar tissue Dense irregular connective tissue The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body. p. 138 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 43
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© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure The Fasciae Body wall Connective Tissue Framework of Body Body cavity Superficial Fascia • Between skin and underlying organs • Areolar tissue and adipose tissue • Also known as subcutaneous layer or hypodermis Skin Deep Fascia • Forms a strong, fibrous internal framework • Dense connective tissue • Bound to capsules, tendons, and ligaments Subserous Fascia • Between serous membranes and deep fascia • Areolar tissue Rib Serous membrane Cutaneous membrane p. 140 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 44
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