1. Migration situation between Hungary and Ukraine
Áron Kincses
Hungarian Central Statistical Office
Dr. Dávid Karácsonyi
Geographical Research Institute of Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Migration Challenges to the Visegrad Countries from Eastern Europe
Budapest, 19 October, 2009

2. Historical overview of the Hungarian international migration statistics
During the years of isolation migration statistics did not exist at all. The situation changed fundamentally at the end of the 1980s when the political system changed. Hungary became a transit country to the west as well as a final destination for immigrants.
The need for a comprehensive and consolidated information system on migration was expressed at different levels of political and economic decision-making, public administration and civil society at the beginning of the 1990s.
The HCSO started to compile the international migration statistics with using the administrative data bases containing related information.
The first data was published in 1993.

3. Data sources of migration
The data base on migration dataset of Hungarian Central Statistical Office (HCSO), Office of Immigration and Nationality (Ministry of Interior) and Hungarian Tax and Financial Control Administration was used.
Foreigners meant a foreign citizen having a residence permit, an immigration permit or a settlement permit who stayed in Hungary on 1 January of the given year.
The migration processes have been examined by destination, place of origin, age-groups, educational attainments and share of taxpayer in this study. The studied spatial distribution level is NUTS3. We shall give more spatial distribution details where it is relevant. We could isolate three educational levels: a lower (ISCED 1-2), a middle (ISCED 3-4), and a higher (ISCED 5-7).

4. Stock of foreign and foreign-born
Migration in the World
Stock of foreign and foreign-born
population, 2006

5. Migration in the World
Change inflows of migrants by county of origin, and 2006 (as of % of total inflows)
The share of
total for top 10 country

6. Overview of the Hungarian international migration
International migration is of close concern to Hungary, where it has also had social, demographic and economic impacts.
The Hungarian pattern of age distribution, the activity rate, the employment rate, the number of tax-payers and the population number have been changed beneficially by migrants.

7. Hungarian population by citizens and age-groups, 1 January 2008

8. Tax-payer comparative table by county and citizens, 2007

9. Foreign citizens in Hungary
Since the beginning of the 1990’s, there has been a positive balance in international migration in Hungary. Of the foreign people resident in Hungary on 1st January 2008 (1,7% of total population), 40% of them are Romanian, 10% of them are Ukrainian respectively Serbian citizens. Their share has increased, and their spatial concentration has decreased a bit in Hungary. So there are about 17 000 Ukranian people residents in Hungary, and I have to make note of it, that since 1993, Ukranian people have similarly become Hungarian citizens (97% of them Hungarian-speaking).
The one of the most considerable group of foreign population is the Ukrainain citizens in Hungary. That’s why important to know what kind of features and spatial impacts characterize the international migration between these two neighbouring countries. We are going to examine the migration system from Ukraine to Hungary.

10. Foreign citizens residing in Hungary by country of citizenship

11. Ukrainian citizens in Hungary
As we can see, the effects of neighbouring countries are powerful and have gradually increased. The Ukranian – Hungarian migration relationships are traditionally strong. The most affected Hungarian settlements are Budapest (6243 person), Nyíregyháza (1010), Debrecen (579), Kisvárda (279) and Miskolc (210); and such counties are Budapest (6243), Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (4179), Pest (2139) and Hajdú-Bihar (823), where more than 77% of migrants live.

12. Ukrainian migrants in Hungary by destination, 1 January 2001

13. Ukrainian migrants in Hungary by destination, 1 January 2008

14. How can we explain the Hungarian spatial contribution of Ukrainian citizens?
“There reason people move are no big mystery: they do it today, as they did two centuries ago to improve their lives.” written by Jeffrey G. Williamson (2005).
In my opinion besides the regional difference of earnings, the location has had an essential role on the spatial distribution of migrants. For someone it will play an important role in choosing a permanent address, location, central and peripheral territories. We should just think about the distance from the place of origin, or the ease of contact with family. So, according to our hypothesis there are two separate and considerable geographical motives.
The first is Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, which is a typical dynamic centre area of migration. A wide variety of occupations and counties of origin can be found there.
The second geographical motive is the proximity to the border, which is not a barrier, but rather a contact zone.
On the other hand, we can also observe accordingly reflected effect in the emigrant country, namely migrants from beside the border stay much closer to the border, than the others. The migrants from the inner counties of Ukraine may settle down in the centre of Hungary rather than in the periphery.

15. Spatial classification
The aim of this study is to provide a relationship between original Ukrainian and current Hungarian counties.
According to dataset, we can divide the original counties into three classes.
1. Transcarpathian Plain
2. Transcarpathian Mountains
3. Other counties.
On the other hand we also can divide the Hungarian counties into three groups by viewing the examined migration method.
1. Counties near to the border (Borsod-A-Z, Hajdú-B, Szabolcs-Sz-B)
2. The centres of immigration (Budapest and Pest county)
3. Other counties

16. Map of spatial classification

17. Spatial distributions
It is important to note that between Transcarpathian Plan and Central Hungary there are strong migration flows (40% of all migrants). So this migration phenomenon is quite concentrated. Using the above classification, we can point out that Ukrainian people who now live near to the border, come in greatest number from proximity to border of Ukrainian side (86,6%). But most of the Ukrainian migrants, whose birthplace near to the border, have stayed in centre of Hungary (48,5%). Budapest and Pest County are chosen very likely by other immigrants independently of place of origin.

18. Results of classification
Distribution of Ukrainian citizens residing in Hungary by classification of the original Ukrainian place, 1 January 2008
Distribution of Ukrainian citizens residing in Hungary by classification of the current Hungarian place, 1 January 2008

19. Detailed examinations-1
This classification can be examined by educational attainment and age-groups. We have carried out that highly educated have been attracted by the centre class of Hungary also from larger distance.
There are enourmos portion of people with higher education from the other classes of Ukrainian, who mostly stay in the centre class of Hungary. We confirmed, that the distribution of education attainment rather depends on the origin Ukrainian place of residence than on the original Hungarian one.

20. Ukrainian population in Hungary by education attainments and spatial classifications, 1 January 2008

21. Detailed examinations-2
Very different spatial picture have been stated by age-classification. In the centre of Hungary most of Ukainian citizens are in working age. In contrast, we can highlight, that among Subcarpathian people vast percentage are in inactive age.

22. Ukrainian population in Hungary by age-groups and spatial classifications, 1 January 2008

23. Demographical and migration situation in Ukraine
Data source: Derzhkomstat, Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

24. Population rate by rayon (annual average)
Data source: Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

25. Population rate by rayon (annual average)
Data source: homepages of oblast statistical offices of Derzhkomstat
Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

26. Natural population change by rayon (2004)
(‰)
Data source: Derzhkomstat oblast statistical yearbooks, 2004, Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

27. Migration balance by rayon (2004)
(‰)
Data source: Derzhkomstat oblast statistical yearbooks, 2004, Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

28. blue white green red Migration situation types of rayons orange
Data source: Derzhkomstat oblast statistical yearbooks, 2004
Author: Dávid Karácsonyi
Total population decrease
Influence of migration over 50%
Influence of migration under 50%
Total population increase
Outmigration
blue
white
impossible
green
Inmigration
orange
red
no such unit

29. Ageing Index 2001 (%) (population older/younger than capable of work)
Data source: Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

30. Denepndency Ratio 2001
(older+younger than capable of work / capable of work )
Data source: Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

31. Components of population change (2003-2005)%
Natural population change
Interregional migration
International migration
Data source: Derzhkomstat, Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

32. Demographical situation in Transcarpatia (Zakarpattya) oblast
Total population change
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

33. Migration in Rayons of Zakarpattya oblast (2003-2005)
Data source: Derzhkomstat oblast statistical yearbook of Zakarpattya oblast, 2003, 2004, 2005
Author: Dávid Karácsonyi

34. Ukrainian citizens staying in Hungary with settlement of origin in Zakarpattya oblast, 2001
Data source: BÁH, Hungarian Office for Imigration and Citizenship
Author: Dávid Karácsonyi, Áron Kincses, Cartography: Zsolt Bottlik/MTA FKI

35. Ukrainian citizens staying in Hungary with settlement of origin in Zakarpattya oblast, 2008
Data source: BÁH, Hungarian Office for Imigration and Citizenship
Author: Dávid Karácsonyi, Áron Kincses, Cartography: Zsolt Bottlik/MTA FKI

36. Ratio of ethnic Ukrainian population, 1989
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

37. Ratio of ethnic Ukrainian population, 2001
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

38. Ratio of ethnic Hungarian population, 1989
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

39. Ratio of ethnic Hungarian population, 2001
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

40. Change in the number of ethnic Hungarian population 1989-2001
Map source: Károly Kocsis et al. 2006

41. Applicants for Hungarian card, 2002-2004
Original Hungarian map source: Cartography: Dávid Karácsonyi

42. Thank you very much for your attention!
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Большое спасибо за ваше внимание!