1. Conservation of Hawaiian Drosophila using phylogenetic, ecological and population genetic data.
Patrick M. O’Grady
University of California, Berkeley

2. Dr. Karl Magnacca Richard Lapoint
Breeding ecology of the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae
(Magnacca, Foote and O’Grady, Pacific Science)
Richard Lapoint
Population genetics of a recently divergent group of Hawaiian Drosophila
(Lapoint and O’Grady, P12)

3. Outline Introduction Phylogeny Population Genetics Hawaiian Drosophila
Placement of the Hawaiian Drosophila & Scaptomyza
Time scale for drosophilid evolution
Ages of major Hawaiian lineages
Ecological associations
Population
Genetics
Estimating population genetic parameters (ancestral population size, migration rates, etc)

4. Hawaiian Drosophila - 1,000 endemics - single colonist?
- ancient: 25 mya
- diverse behavior & morphology
- biogeography

5. Habitat degradation (alien species, development, natural disaster, fire)
Pest control
(insecticides,
non-target effects)
Competition
(introduced Drosophila, Stratiomyidae, Neriidae)
Predation from alien
arthropods (ants, wasps)

6. What group is sister to the Hawaiian Drosophila? How many
colonizations of
Hawaii?
Hawaiian
Drosophila
and the genus
Scaptomyza 99
The Hawaiian Drosophilidae (genus Scaptomyza plus the Hawaiian Drosophila) form a clade.
This is indicative of a single ancestral colonization event.

7. How old are the endemic Hawaiian Drosophilidae? Colonization of
multiple calibration
points (fossils,
biogeography)
Colonization of
Hawaii - 25my

8. Phylogeny and Diversification Times
Species group relationships in Hawaiian Drosophila lineage agree with previous work.
100
antopocerus/
modified tarsus
9my
100
modified
mouthpart
16my 61 99
picture wing/
nudidrosophila
15my
100
10my
haleakalae 99
Scaptomyza
21my

9. Ecology
Hawaiian Drosophilidae use ~40% (34/87) of native flowering plant families as larval substrates
Campanulaceae
Araliaceae and Campanulaceae are used by nearly all major lineages
Araliaceae
antopocerus/
modified tarsus 53 6
modified
mouthpart 7 19
picture wing/
nudidrosophila 28 18
haleakalae 6 20
Scaptomyza

10. Endangered Hawaiian Drosophilidae
Loss of host plants via rarity or extinction
D. aglaia
D. differens
D. hemipeza
D. heteroneura
D. montgomeryi
D. mulli
D. musaphilia
D. neoclavisetae
D. obatai
D. ochrobasis
D. substenoptera
D. tarphytricha

11. Other groups? picture wing Taxonomy not well understood.
Difficult to work with (little known of their ecology, not culturable in the laboratory, polytene chromosomes are not amenable to study).
Historical distribution and abundance data not available.
picture wing
D. aglaia
D. differens
D. hemipeza
D. heteroneura
D. montgomeryi
D. mulli
D. musaphilia
D. neoclavisetae
D. obatai
D. ochrobasis
D. substenoptera
D. tarphytricha
conspicuous
extensively studied

12. Endangered Hawaiian Drosophilidae
Loss of host plants via rarity or extinction
Drastic reduction in numbers of populations and population sizes.
D. aglaia
D. differens
D. hemipeza
D. heteroneura
D. montgomeryi
D. mulli
D. musaphilia
D. neoclavisetae
D. obatai
D. ochrobasis
D. substenoptera
D. tarphytricha
once considered extinct; single population recently discovered
known only from single, highly restricted localities
collected five times since 1975
known only from single, highly restricted localities
collected frequently from ; not seen since 1986
historically known from 7 localities; only 1 population remains
extinct in part of historical range (Ko’olau Mountains)

13. Population Genetics
Drosophila neutralis
Population genetic techniques to estimate effective population size, Ne, of a given population
How large is a population?
Is it small enough to be considered for conservation action?
When should a very small population be considered inviable?
Laupohoehoe
1,447,500
Kau
670,414
Olaa
1,442,708
Stainback
2,605,417
Hawaii
Ne ~ 6,000,000

14. Population Genetics
D. neutralis
Population genetic techniques to estimate effective population size, Ne, of a given population
How large is a population?
Is it small enough to be considered for conservation action?
When should a very small population be considered inviable?
D. neutralis
Rates of migration/gene flow
D. dasycnemia
Can we assess connectivity between proposed conservation management units?
Coalescent theory to estimate ancestral population sizes
Does a species have a small population because it has
(1) always been found in low numbers (rarity),
(2) recently undergone a population decline
(3) is the result of a founder event

15. Conclusions
Knowledge of phylogeny, as well as the phylogenetic distribution of host plant use, can yield an appreciation for how many lineages (percentage of the total diversity) will be impacted by a decline in a given host plant.
Ecological data is important when considering which taxa to target for conservation action. All taxa using a rare or endangered host plant may be at risk of population declines.
Population genetic techniques should be used before conservation management decisions are made to determine whether a population is truly in decline, and whether it is a viable candidate in which to invest limited resources.
Population genetic measures can be useful in the monitoring and evaluation of conservation decisions.

16. Integration of Data
ecology
phylogeny
population
structure

18. Araliaceae (4)
Campanulaceae (3)
Myrtaceae (1)
Nyctaginaceae (3)
Monocots (3)
Sapindaceae (2)
Fungi (1)
Other

19. Leaves
Bark
Stems
Sap Flux
Fungi
Equivocal