1. Contact, Conflict, and Exchange in the Atlantic World to 1590
CHAPTER 1
Contact, Conflict, and Exchange
in the Atlantic World to 1590
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2. I. The First Americans
Maya, Aztecs and Hohokam become early advanced societies
Eastern Woodlands peoples reside between Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian Mountains
Algonquian and Iroquois were two major language groups
Scattered groups were diverse, but similar
Nature-based shamanic religions
Importance of kinship groups
Economies of agriculture, hunting, gathering ,and fishing
Women and men had different, but comparable, roles in society

3. “America Before Columbus”
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“America Before Columbus”

4. Inca Empire and Principal Earlier Cultures

5. II. Beginning of European Overseas Expansion
Exploration encouraged by Prince Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal
Exploration and discovery aided by technological advances
Astrolabe
Quadrant
Square and lanteen rigged sails
caravela redondo
Introduction of shipboard cannon

6. “Europe and West Africa in the 15th Century,”
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
“Europe and West Africa in the 15th Century,”

7. III. Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade
Diverse West African cultures share common features
Trade links with outside world
Conversion to Islam
Traditional religion in interior
Societies hierarchy dominated by patriarchs
African slavery different from Atlantic slave trade -- social rather than economic
Slavery sustained by plantation system

8. Africa’s Trade Routes, 15th Century

9. IV. Spain and Portugal Divide the Globe
Spain and Portugal vie for trade dominance
Spain funds Columbus’s voyage to the New World
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), divides sphere of influence at 370 leagues west of Azores
Portugal controls trade to Africa and India
Spain controls most of New World
England and France joins into exploration with John Cabot and Giovanni da Verrazano

10. European Explorations, 1492-1542
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European Explorations,

11. V. The Spanish Empire in America
Spain explores region from Mexico to Florida
Vast majority of natives killed by European diseases
Small, well organized Spanish military forces overcame native empires
Columbian Exchange begins
Religion becomes conflict between natives and explorers
Spanish establish imperial government
Spain’s New World economy is tied to mercantilism
Spanish establish encomienda system

12. Mexico Under the Aztecs, 1519

13. Principal Spanish Explorations of North America

14. Spanish Empire and Global Labor System

15. VI. Protestant Northern Europeans Challenge Catholic Spain
Protestant Reformation causes conflict
The major Reformation leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin
French Protestants (Huguenots) had little early success
Act of Supremacy (1534) established Church of England
Spanish Armada (1588)
British privateers damaged Spanish trade and helped establish early British colonies
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16. Discussion Questions
Describe the Native American civilizations that existed before Columbus’s arrival. Include examples from North America, Central America, and South America.
Shortly after Columbus, Spanish conquistadors explored and conquered a huge empire in America. How was this accomplished?
How did Spain rule its empire in the New World? What part did religion and mercantilism play on the encomienda system?
What was the Restoration? What was its role on exploration of the New World?