1. From Sideshow to Art Form
The Seven Ages of Film
Pioneering Age
From Sideshow to Art Form

2. The emergence of Hollywood World War I and the exodus from Europe
The Seven Ages of Film
The Silent Age
The emergence of Hollywood
World War I and the exodus from Europe

3. The Seven Ages of Film
The Transition Age
From Silent to Sound

4. The Hollywood Studio Age Domination by the Studio
The Seven Ages of Film
The Hollywood Studio Age
Domination by the Studio
Genre movies
World War II

5. The Internationalist Age Hollywood Studio decline
The Seven Ages of Film
The Internationalist Age
Hollywood Studio decline
The challenge of TV

6. The Seven Ages of Film The New Wave Age 1960 - 1980
From France to the world
Technological innovation
Small scale productions
Strong social / political value to film.

7. The Seven Ages of Film The Mass Media Age 1980 - present
Film & movies as part of the global entertainment / communications media
Digital production

8. From Sideshow to Art Form
The Seven Ages of Film
Pioneering Age
From Sideshow to Art Form

9. History
Mechanisms for producing moving images had been demonstrated from the 1860s. - zeotropes
praxinoscopes kineoscopes

10. History
These relied on the “persistence of vision” to provide an illusion of movement if the images were moved at sufficient speed past the viewer.

11. Eadweard Muybridge
One of the first to show “moving pictures”
Wagered that a horse leaves all four of its feet
Created the Zoopraxiscope to prove it

12. Edison and the Kinetoscope
Edison realized motion pictures could attract a paying audience
Coin operated box that would show amusing films
1st copyrighted film April 14, “The Sneeze”
Opposed to showing movies on a screen - felt that you would lose money

13. History
Early films were a visual art until the late 19th century when they developed into a narrative with a series of scenes linked together to tell a story.
Scenes were broken up into multiple shots of varying sizes and angles.
Camera movement was used to add to the story development.
Music was used to create mood using a pianist / organist using either sheet music or a score as they accompanied the screen action.

14. Film History
The first audience to experience a moving film did so in The film, by the Lumiere brothers was called “Workers leaving the Lumiere Factory (1895)”
Their film “Train Entering the Gare de Ciotat (1895)” caused people to faint with fear as the train loomed from the screen into the theatre auditorium.
These films did not carry a story or narrative - they merely showed a moving image on the screen.

15. Georges Melies (1861 – 1938) French Theatre Magician
First to use the fade-in/out and dissolve
Made over 500 films
“A Trip to the Moon” (1902) most famous
Used far off stationary camera with single point of view.
His style became outdated and he soon became bankrupt

16. A Trip to the Moon (1902)

17. Meanwhile – Back in the USA
Creates the MPPC (Motion Picture Patents Company) which corners the market on cameras, projectors, and production companies - enforced with armed henchmen who bullied independent film makers
Independents move to Southern CA to avoid conflict
Audiences flock to the Nickelodeons (due to the 5 cent admission price) Low cost appealed to the working class
Soon became appealing to the middle and upper classes through the works of Edwin Porter. His Epic “The Great Train Robbery” was an astounding 12 minutes long and introduced the concept of a “story-driven” movie

18. The changing process of cinema
The changes in film process involve several factors.
George Huaco indentifies four factors:
Current events & achievements. (political climate)
The creativity of the film-makers who influenced the team of crafts-people involed in the films.
The technical developments that could be exploited.
The capacity of a sufficient audience to appreciate the results.

19. Novelty Stage How do you make images MOVE??? Flip book
Eadweard Muybridge: pioneer
700 cameras/trotting horse

20. Entrepreneurial Stage
1891: Thomas Edison
kinetograph (early film camera)
kinetoscope (single viewer projection)
KINE=movement (e.g. kinetic energy)

21. Entrepreneurial Stage
Kinetograph, Edison + Eastman, 1928

22. Kinoscope Kinparlors

23. Entrepreneurial Stage
1896, Lumières demonstrated their cinematograph--the first successful machine that could show moving photographs--to an audience,

24. Entrepreneurial Stage
Edison: vitascope
Made viewing by larger audiences possible
Bike-1899
Kiss-1900
Eggs-1902
School-1904
Vita=life
Scope=view
“lifeViewer”

26. the audience’s imagination
Mass Medium Stage
Narratives engage
the audience’s imagination
George Melies
Opened first theater
in France, 1896
The conjurer, 1899
Trip to the moo (1902)

27. Mass Medium Stage Edwin Porter in U.S.
Shot America’s first narrative film, Life of an American Fireman (1902).
Shot scenes out of order -- later edit in sequence.
Shot first close-up….

28. Mass Medium Stage Edwin Porter in U.S.
Shot America’s first narrative film, Life of an American Fireman (1902).
Shot scenes out of order -- later edit in sequence.
Shot first close-up (fire alarm)

29. Mass Medium Stage
Nickelodeons: storefront theatres in early 1900s. Nickel + Odeon = Nickelodeon
Nickelodeon in Toronto, 1910

30. Mass Medium Stage

32. The rise of movie palaces
Mass Medium Stage
The rise of movie palaces

33. Mass Medium Stage

36. Mass Medium Stage

37. Mass Medium Stage

38. The emergence of Hollywood World War I and the exodus from Europe
The Seven Ages of Film
The Silent Age
The emergence of Hollywood
World War I and the exodus from Europe

39. Changing process of cinema
The division between film and movie creates two views of quality and purpose.
MOVIES = This is a commercial differentiation = popular entertainment with a mass circulation of copies of the movie. The audience being largely passive.
The product of an industry dominated by the producer (money) in which there is no individual film-maker but a team under the producer’s control. (The studio system.) The director is hired to create the movie from the script. The final version is, however, the responsibility of the Producer and Editor.
The director of a movie is known as: metteur en scene = an interpreter of a score / script.

40. Progressions - The Silent Film
Film makers experimented to develop new techniques that would enhance their ability to tell a story.
1913: Giovanni Pastrone moved his camera laterally and slightly above the level of the foreground thus changing the perspective of the audience from that they’d previously had in the Lumiere films.
1923: Carl Mayer directing Last Laugh for F.W.Murnau proposed a forward movement of the camera at dramatic moments as if to thrust the audience into the action.
Marnua Last Laugh
Pastrone

41. Silent Film no dialogue, no sound recorded on film
live musical accompaniment
exaggerated expressionistic acting
use of inter titles
visual storytelling
slapstick/ physical comedy—Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin
Black and white
End day two.
Buster Keaton

42. Progressions - The Silent Film
F.W.Marnau influenced the film making process with the introduction of the storyboard. This is a script visualized by drawings of every basic change of camera angles in the film.

43. Progressions - The Silent Film
The storyboard design focus introduced techniques like “visual punning” that (e.g) involved showing the passage of time by tracking towards a candle flame then dissolving into a lighted gas jet or electric bulb from which they would track away to the next sequence of the story.
This technique was replaced by nouvelle vague that introduced jump cuts to show or allow the passage of time and space.
This was known as “kultur-film” in Germany.
AliceinWonderland

44. The Great Train Robbery (1903)
First Western
First to use editing as a storytelling technique
One of the first to use panning and close-ups
Moved from documentary to narrative
Based on a true robbery by Butch Cassidy
Great Train Robbery