1. Topic 3.2. Full supply chain greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Carly Whittaker & Dr Richard Murphy, Imperial College London Dr Nigel Mortimer- North Energy Associates Ltd.

2. Overview Task 3.2 Introduce TSEC-Mini-Tool for Biomass Supply Chains –Major elements –Options and flexibility How it can be used Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009

3. Task 3.2: GHG Analysis of biomass supply chains in the UK Biomass feedstock production Conversion to energy Processing Transport Storage On-site Processing Step 1: Define supply chains Step 2: Plug in numbers Step 3: Make it useful Step 4: Use it! Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Kg CO 2 eq. Kg CO 2eq MJ Natural Gas MJ Diesel MJ Grid Electricity Stuff Construction Vehicles Fertilizers Machines Kg CO 2 eq. Material Losses Material Losses Material Losses Machines

4. Introducing: TSEC-Mini-Tool MS Excel – ‘traffic light system’ for users Covers : –15 Types biomass –6 Land-use reference systems –3 Waste reference systems –10 Transport options –4 Outputs: Electricity, heat, CHP, or co-fired electricity. Output: Energy requirement and CO2 emissions specific to your supply chain Breakdown of where all emissions occur Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 + BEAT2

5. Using the TSEC-Mini-Tool Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 1. Biomass Feedstocks: MJ/Kg CO2 eq. per ODT of: Miscanthus Wheat Straw Forest Residues Short Rotation Coppice Waste Wood Arboricultural Arisings Olive Residues/Peanut Shells/generic waste Sunflower Husk Pellets Dried DDGS Dried Rape Meal Stemtips & Branches Sawdust Slabwood Whole Tree Thinnings Roundwood Bales Cubes Pellets Chips/Billets Chips/as collected Imported as collected Produced Overseas and Imported Co-products from biofuel production 11 Tree Species 4-6 Yield Class Ranges 28 Regions UK (road construction intensity Wood Pellets

6. 2a. Land-use Reference System For ‘Crops’: –6 Options: Fallow land (combination of fertilized and mown), rotational set aside land & green manure Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 * Carbon sequestration gives higher CO2 eq. per tonne * * * * * *

7. 2b. Waste Reference System For ‘Wastes’ –Three options Mulching/natural decay – forest residues, waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive residues Burnt for onsite heat – sawmill residues Landfill – waste wood, arboricultural arisings, olive residues Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009

8. Waste Reference System Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Production

9. Waste Reference System: Mulching Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 * Overall saving energy compared to reference system: Collecting, chipping and transport to parks for mulch *** * *

10. Waste Reference System: Onsite Heat Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 * Higher emissions per tonne – now have to produce heat from natural gas * * * * * ** *

11. Waste Reference System: Landfill * * * ** * * *** * ** * *** * Emissions from Landfill are highly dependent on degradation rates! * Higher emissions per tonne – where carbon is sequestered in landfill ** * * Lower emissions when methane emissions are avoided All situations include energy recovery

12. … ‘per ODT biomass’ Can depend on many factors –Quantifiable things Inputs Yield Moisture Content Material losses –Decisions on: Landfill behaviour Landuse Reference system Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 TSEC Mini Tool is flexible

13. TSEC-Mini-Tool Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Biomass Volume-based t-km emissions Road Rail Marine (7 Truck Sizes)

14. TSEC-Mini-Tool Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Biomass (stored -transported) ChippedHammer milledDried Condensed Burn! Wilton 10Drax Fossil-pellets Green-pellets Chips Wood Miscanthus Can use fossil fuels or biomass to power each step Bales

15. GHG Benefit of Pellets? Include energy Density! Pellets: 17 GJ/tonne Chips: 12 GJ/tonne 300 Km 2550 Km  Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Road Transport 40 Km

16. TSEC-Mini-Tool Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 Biomass (stored- transported -processed -stored again maybe) Burn! Dedicated Electricity – Wilton 10 Dedicated Heat - Barnsley CHP – Not SHP! Co-fired with Coal - Drax 92% 94% 90% Quantify % savings and kg CO2 eq. saved

18. Conclusions Biomass looks good …. But what was the question? What does TSEC and stakeholders want to know about GHG’s? Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009

19. Test it OK? Use it! Answer questions: Run Scenarios: –‘Energy security’- Only UK biomass –‘Cost effectiveness’ – Only cheap biomass –‘Super Carbon-Saving’ – Only low-CO2 biomass –‘Land-limited production’ – Mostly wastes/residues –‘Energy efficiency’- more efficient technology –Case Studies – biomass mixes at various scales –Yield Scenarios: future crop yields Speculate biomass’ contribution to future GHG savings Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009 + BEAT2 What now? TSEC Mini Model

20. Thank you! Imperial College London – November 13 th & 14 th 2009