1. Poetry Terms 2 general kinds of poetry– lyric and narrative.
Lyric: originate from ancient poems sung to a lyre; includes sonnets, odes, and villanelles
Narrative are longer and were also probably chanted
The line between the two blurs in longer forms of poetry

2. 8 Elements of Poetry 8 elements of poetry include: Language Imagery
Tone
Rhythm & rhyme
Metaphor & figurative language

3. 8 Elements of Poetry
6. Symbols & allegory
7. Form
8. Ideas

4. Language Discursive language depends on telling the reader something
Imagery is language that shows the reader something
Denotation=the dictionary definition

5. Language Connotation=the meaning of a word on an emotional level
The poet usually controls meaning of the poem through meaning of words and sounds

6. Language Sounds Euphony: words that sound good together (very musical)
Cacophony: words that grate, annoy, or create distaste
Onomatopoeia: imitates the sound it refers to

7. Imagery
Images directly appeal to one of the senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell, taste
Imagist poets rely on creating responses through images rather than discursive language

8. Imagery
Synaesthesia refers to when an image appeals to 2 or more senses at the same time

9. Tone
Tone may be thought of as arising from the voice the poet projects.
They can be ironic, conversational, angry, satirical, or judgmental

10. Rhythm & Rhyme A rhythm is a regular beat
End-stopped lines have a pause at the end of the line, usually indicated by punctuation.
Run-on lines force the reader to read beyond their end into the beginning of the next lines
Enjambment

11. Rhythm & Rhyme Rhymed and metrical poem is called verse.
Masculine rhymes: one syllable rhymes (still, fill)
Feminine rhymes: 2 syllable rhymes (balcalava, lava)

12. Rhythm & Rhyme
Slant rhyme: sounds almost echo each other (mousse, clues)
Assonantal rhyme: vowels echo each other (tube, mood)
Consonantal rhyme: consonants echo each other (klutz, blitz)

13. Rhythm & Rhyme
Internal rhyme: end word rhymes with a word in the middle of the same line or another nearby line (turned the air, a prayer)
Eye rhyme: words look alike but do not sound alike (blood, food)

14. Meter Meter is a measure of syllables into feet.
Iambic is the usual metrical foot in English (an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable)

15. Meter 1 foot / line = monometer 2 feet/ line= dimeter
3 feet/ line= trimeter
4 feet/ line= tetrameter
5 feet/ line= pentameter
6 feet/ line= hexameter
7 feet / line= septameter
8 feet/ line= octameter

16. Meter Metrical foot pattern: Iamb U / in-sist Trochee / U pen-cil
Anapest U U / in a fix
Dactyl / / U im-pli-cate
Spondee / / top gun

17. Meter Pyrrhic U U of a Amphribrach U / U in-ter-nal
Cretic / U / med-I-ate

18. Meter
Iamb and anapest are usually called rising rhythms because they begin with an unstressed syllable and proceed to a final stress.
Trochee and dactyl are, therefore, falling rhythms.

19. Metaphor & Figurative Language
Metaphor is a direct comparison between 2 unlike things
Figurative language includes: metaphor, oxymoron, irony, paradox, personification, pun, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, and litote

20. Irony
Saying one thing and meaning another or giving an apparently innocent comparison that reveals shortcomings on the subject.
Verbal irony is commonly used in conversation, as when someone claims to be bad, but the reader knows the opposite is meant.

21. Irony Dramatic Irony is not limited to words, but includes actions
Tragic irony is when the result is a tragic end to a hero

22. Irony
Cosmic irony shows fate reaching from the heavens to make an otherwise admirable person so unhappy as to cause his or her death.

23. Other figurative language
Paradox: an apparently impossible circumstance, situation, or condition.
Personification: giving a non-being the characteristics of a person.

24. Other figurative language
Pun: a play on words that usually depends on a word having several meanings or sounding like another word with a different meaning.
Metonymy: when you use one thing in the place of something closely related (instead of athlete using jock)

25. Other figurative language
Synecdoche: closely related to metonymy and uses part of a whole to mean the whole thing (wheels instead of car)
Hyperbole: overstatement for effect
Litotes: understatement for effect

26. Symbols and Allegory
Symbols are specialized use of words (metaphor) that is universal in nature.
Begins with a comparison but the reader is not always immediately aware that the comparison is important

27. Symbol & Allegory
Allegories are forms of symbols which are fixed (Animal Farm)

28. Form--Sonnets
All sonnets have 14 lines and usually rhyme according to one of several patterns.
All 14 lines are usually iambic pentameter, but are not always regular—sometimes other patterns may occur.

29. Form--Sonnet Petrarchan Sonnet (Italian)
Divided into an octave and a sestet
The octave rhymes abbaabba
The sestet my rhyme cdcdcd, cdecde, cdcdee, or cdedcd

30. Form--Sonnet
The normal pattern is to state the main idea in the first four lines of the octave and then to elaborate on that idea in the next 4 lines
Between the octave and the sestet is a turn, a change of tone, action or concept.

31. Form--Sonnet
The first part of the sestet sometimes has an example or complication of the idea developed in the octave.
The last 3 lines conclude the poem.

32. Form--Sonnet Shakespearean Sonnet (English)
Divided in 3 quatrains rhyming abab, cdcd, efef and ends with a couplet gg.
The first 12 lines are elaborating an idea or a problem with details or examples.

33. Form--Sonnet
The last 2 lines resolve the issues raised by the first 3 quatrains
The couplet almost sounds like a tag or resoultion

34. Form--Ballad The term “ballad” implies a song
Is sometimes recited to a guitar or lute
Traditionally tells a story, often of love, promises, war, and disappointment
Often depends on repetition of key lines for effect

35. Form--Ode
A long irregular poem, originally meant to be a sublime poetic utterance inspired by gods
Lyric in nature, exalted in tone
3 phases: strophe, antistrophe, and epode

36. Form--Ode
Odes are usually predicted on oppositions—the subject of one stanza (the antistrophe) may sometimes reevaluate the subject of the previous stanza (the strophe).

37. Form--Ode
The end of the ode (epode) usually attempts to resolve the tensions raised in the body of the ode.

38. Form--Villanelle Not a common fixed form, lots of rhymes
Extremely difficult to create in English
6 stanzas with iambic pentameter: 5 with 3 lines, and the last with 4 lines

39. Form—Villanelle There are only 2 rhymes
The first line and the third line of the first stanza repeat throughout the poem
Stanza 2 ends with line 1
Stanza 3 ends with line 3

40. Form--Villanelle Stanza 4 ends with line 1 Stanza 5 ends with line 3
Stanza 6 ends with lines 1 and 3