1. Responses to the Industrial City Planning, Social Theory & Policy

2. Industrial City (1870-1920) Population Change: Multiplier Effect Social Change: Immigrants & Class Issues Technological & Environmental Change: ‘Up & Out’

3. Restructuring the City Chicago as ‘Shock City’ Multiplier Effect Population Growth: 1840 - 4,470 1870 – 298,977 1900 – 1,698,575 1930 – 3,376,438

5. Social Change ‘New Immigrants’ (1880 – 1920) – *Eastern European *Southern European Industrial Workers – strikes & violence

6. Labor Conditions: Depression of 1873 Haymarket Riot – 1886 Depression of 1893 Pullman Strike - 1894

7. New Land Use Patterns Central Business District Industrial Districts Residential Districts Commuter Suburbs Industrial Suburbs [Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model]

8. Central Business District Skyscrapers -- steel frame -- elevator Department Stores

9. Burnham’s Reliance Building

10. Mass Market of Housing Balloon Frame Construction – Workers Cottages

12. Mass Market of Housing Rise of Real Estate Developer Example: S.E. Gross – ‘Friend of the Working Man’

13. Commuter Suburbs Olmsted’s Riverside, Il. [1868-1869]

14. Industrial Suburb Pullman, Illinois [1880-1884] Milwaukee – South Milwaukee (1890) Cudahy (1893) West Allis (1902) West Milwaukee (1906)

15. Private Responses Suburbanization – Commuter Industrial

16. Environmental Controls Emergence of Zoning Laws/Building Codes Parks Movement City Beautiful Movement

17. Emergence of Zoning San Francisco/ Modesto, CA; 1886 Los Angeles; 1909 New York; 1916

18. New York’s Zoning “... Restrictions on land use are constitutional because they enable city government to carry out their duties of protecting the health, safety, morals and general welfare of their citizens.” 1) Separate land uses into appropriate zones; 2) Restrict building heights 3) Limit lot coverage

19. Euclid vs. Ambler Realty Co., 1926

20. Village of Euclid, Ohio Districting of village into residential land uses; Village lay ‘in path’ of industrial development Ambler Realty challenged restrictive zoning Supreme Court ruling established jurisdiction’s right; Village could set single- family as highest and best use

21. Urban Parks Movement Frederick Law Olmsted & Calvert Vaux – Central Park (1856-1863) Nature’s ‘cure’ – health benefits, psychological relief; democratizing force

22. City Beautiful (1900-1910) Columbian Exposition (World Fair of 1893): “The White City” * Burnham - architect * Olmsted – landscape architect

23. Burnham – architect “White City” & primary leader of City Beautiful Movement “Make no little plans for they have no magic to stir men’s blood...”

24. City Beautiful

25. Movement Goals “ beauty, order, system & harmony” Middle & upper-class effort to refashion the city into beautiful, functional entities Focus on civic improvements & parks

26. Milwaukee’s C. Beautiful Legacy Alfred Clas’ Ideas: * RiverWalk *West Kilbourn Street Improvements (connecting public buildings)

28. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City

29. Howard’s vision Life’s experience: Homesteading, Chicago – before 1871 Town/Country Medieval London

31. Impact in Britain Letchworth: 1903 Welywyn: 1920

33. American Influence Design Implications – Radburn Plan Greenbelt Cities: Greendale WI New Towns: Reston, NY & Columbia, Maryland

34. LeCorbusier

35. Modernist Influence Public Housing

36. Modernist Influence Town Plans * Brasilia * Chandigarh