1. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE

2. introduction
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) augments an electric vehicle (EV) with a second source of power referred to as the alternative power unit (APU).
A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of conventional vehicles with the low-noise, low-exhaust emissions, and energy independence benefits of electric vehicles
Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the alternative power unit is used as a second source of energy, is gaining acceptance and is overcoming some of the problems of pure electric vehicles.

3. what is hybrid electric vehicle
Any vehicle that combines 2 or more sources of power is said to be hybrid. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike), diesel-electric hybrid locomotives
Relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.
Alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicle, to recharge the batteries, and to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater.

4. HYBRID CAR’S CHARACTERSTICS
2009 Toyota Prius
Hybrid
 2009 Toyota Corolla
Conventional
5.3 Lit/100 Km
10.5 Lit/100 Km
About $780/year fuel savings
Assume $1 /1L
15000km / year
Invaluable benefit for environment
Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible
Less CO2 emission and pollution
Lower maintenance 4 4 4

5. Hybrid structure Two types of hybrid vehicle configurations
Parallel Hybrids
Series Hybrids

6. parallel hybrid Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine.
Set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.
Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.

7. Parallel(contd.)
When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle
When the APU is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train (propulsion) and the batteries (energy storage).
Under acceleration, more power is allocated to the drive train than to the batteries. During periods of idle or low speeds, more power goes to the batteries than the drive train.
The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU is not producing enough and also to power auxiliary systems such as the air conditioner and heater.

8. Series hybrid
Similar to an electric vehicle with an on- board generator
The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the batteries reach a predetermined discharged level.
At that point the APU turns on and begins recharging the battery.
The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level.
APU never directly powers the vehicle

9. Series (contd.)
The length of time the APU is on depends on the size of the batteries and the APU itself.
Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its optimal operating condition; hence, fuel economy is increased and emissions are reduced relative to a pure IC engine vehicle.

10. components of HEV Electric drive motors
to provide the power for propulsion
converts electric energy to mechanical energy (motion) to drive the hybrid vehicle.
Direct Current Motors, Alternating Current Motors
The two possible configurations of electric drive motors in a hybrid vehicle
single electric motor connected to the wheels through a drive train and multiple electric motors, one located at each wheel.
Auxiliary Power Units
Supplies the baseline power required to the vehicle, recharges the batteries and powers accessories such as the air conditioner and heater.
The APU can consist of a mechanical type engine or a fuel cell.
Spark Ignition Engine, Compression Ignition Engines, Fuel Cells

11. Components (Contd.) Generators
to convert the mechanical power into electrical power when used in a series hybrid.
Energy Storage Systems
Peak power required in hybrid vehicles is met by devices like batteries, capacitors or a flywheel.
store energy and readily release it when needed.

12. Components (Contd.) Regenerative Braking
some of the energy is converted into electrical energy and stored.
rotational energy of the braking mechanism generates electrical power and stores it in the batteries.
Control Systems
contains two main components-command and power components.
command component manages and processes the driver’s instructions.
power component chops power flows to control the motor’s power intake.

15. ADVANTAGES OF HEVs Use less oil than ICE Emit less CO2 than ICE
Fuel efficiency increased
Honda Insight- 700 mi/tank
Toyota Prius- 500 mi/tank
Honda Civic Hybrid- 650 mi/tank 15 15

16. WHO’S MAKING HYBRIDS NOW?
Lexus
RX 400h SUV
GS 450h
LS 600h L
Mercury
Mariner SUV
Dodge
Ram – contractor’s edition
General Motors
Silverado and Sierra
Malibu
Tahoe/Yukon
Nissan
Altima
Versa
Honda
Accord
Civic
Insight
Toyota
Prius
Camry
Highlander
Ford
Escape
Mazda
Tribute
Saturn
Vue

17. In the next 5 years… Growing demand Greater market
Car companies will respond
More variety

18. HYBRID CAR ISSUES Currently more expensive than conventional
Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors weight
Limited battery life
Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
Reliability, still under study,
More complex computer controlled systems
May have drivability issues
Expensive to repair 18 18

19. HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS
Drive slower - The aerodynamic drag on the car increases dramatically the faster you drive. For example, the drag force at 70 mph (113 kph) is about double that at 50 mph (81 kph). So, keeping your speed down can increase your mileage significantly.
Maintain a constant speed - Each time you speed up the car you use energy, some of which is wasted when you slow the car down again. By maintaining a constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel.
Avoid abrupt stops - When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and take some of the energy out of the car while slowing it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted

20. CONCLUSIONS
Using the concept of Hybridization of cars results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in today’s fuel deficit world.
A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent.
If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era.
One can surely conclude that this concept and the similar ones to follow with even better efficiency & conservation rate are very much on the anvil in today’s energy deficit world.

21. THANK YOU

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