1. Parking & Parking Policy

2. What is Parking Providing access to land uses (not an end) Vehicle storage Crucial to meeting many federal, state and regional objectives Acted upon, though, by local governments

3. Parking as a Phenomenon Parking is subsidized – Hidden subsidies give the appearance of free parking Spaces should be an economic calculation – Not a regulatory calculation – A calculation made my developers Therefore, there is a surplus of parking

4. Why the Surplus? Zoning often requires excess parking – Minimum parking requirements – Inflexible lack of response to market conditions Zoning often prevents efficient sharing – Between / among different land uses All a result of single-use zoning and auto- centric mobility

5. Why the Addiction? Short term benefits overshadow long term costs – Used as a leverage for public benefits – Used to buffer NIMBY resistance Planners know parking is done incorrectly, but they need the tool

6. Our Perception of Parking Seeing the cost of parking likely alters a driver’s calculus – “user fee” for parking – More people using other modes as a viable option – More demand for improved transit and non- motorized facilities – Transit, etc. looks even better in comparison – SO LONG AS THERE ARE COMPLEMENTARY POLICIES!

7. Costs of Parking $5 / day subsidy – A cost greater than the gas & O/M costs of a car Creates waste – Lost time looking for spaces – Unnecessary wear and tear on engines, fuel Value of a parking space? – Roughly $30,000

8. Who Should Pay for Parking? Why should parking be any different than interstates (Highway Trust Fund)? – User fee (drivers pay for roads) – Directed purpose Parking subsidized by non-drivers – Higher prices for goods and services at the destination – Developers / businesses pay for spaces as part of higher land costs through regulation

9. The Problem Minimum Parking Requirements

13. The Result?

14. Solution: Maximum Parking Req. Burden moves away from regulation Burden of “authority” placed on developer

17. Bicycle Parking

21. The 12-Step Program To kick the parking habit Richard Willson

22. The 12-Step Program 1.Measure the parking utilization – Spaces per 1,000 SF of occupied building area – Understand that this is the baseline of oversupply (not to be perpetuated)

23. The 12-Step Program 2.Consider future parking utilization – Empirical research – Avoid ITE Parking Generation Manual – Understand that travel patterns and the built environment are connected – Understand that we are become more dense and more multi-use

24. The 12-Step Program 3.Shift from parking rates to prospective parking requirements – See step 2 empirical analysis – Identify 85 th & 33 rd percentiles (not mean) – This creates standards for high and low parking rates High minimums vs threshold allowing for market preferences

25. The 12-Step Program 4.Be flexible in prospective parking requirements – Local circumstances Land use Project characteristics Transportation context

26. The 12-Step Program 5.Account for market conditions – Parking pricing – Bundling of parking and rents – Parking cash-out programs – These reduce parking demand – Requirements should be reduced in these circumstances

27. The 12-Step Program 6.Be aware of planned intermodality/multimodality – Will reduce demand for parking

28. The 12-Step Program 7.Assess the impact of local practices and policies – Designation of spaces to specific persons Upward adjustment – Create a relatively high vacancy rate goal Downward adjustment

29. The 12-Step Program 8.Public parking (on-street) may offset some parking requirement – In situations of excess public parking

30. The 12-Step Program 9.Conduct a shared-parking analysis 9.Mixed use land use categories

31. The 12-Step Program 10. Evaluate and monitor – Compare with other goals

32. The 12-Step Program 11. Address minimum parking requirements

33. The 12-Step Program 12.Consider tandem parking, valet parking, etc.