1. FHM TRAINING TOOLS
This training presentation is part of FHM’s commitment to creating and keeping safe workplaces.
Be sure to check out all the training programs that are specific to your industry.

2. Job Hazard Analysis
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Welcome to the Job Hazard Analysis presentation.
This presentation has been specifically developed for employees who plan to use the job hazard analysis tool to improve workplace safety.
Please make sure you are in a comfortable setting and able to concentrate as we work our way through this presentation.

3. Learning Objectives Objectives: Comprehensive list of hazards
Apply the Job Hazard Analysis Tool to identify and control hazards
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
We have very specific learning objectives for you during this presentation.
At the conclusion of this presentation, you will:
Have a comprehensive list of workplace hazards, and
Be able to apply the Job Hazard Analysis tool to identify and control workplace hazards.

4. Agenda Agenda: Common Workplace Hazards The Job Hazard Analysis Tool
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Our presentation today will involve the following agenda:
Section One will be a review of common workplace hazards.
Section Two will outline and examine the job hazard analysis tool.

5. Common Workplace Hazards
Section 1
Common Workplace Hazards
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Section 1 will discuss common workplace hazards.

6. Hazard
Hazard:
Often associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness
Identifying hazards and eliminating or controlling them early will help prevent injuries and illnesses
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
A hazard is the potential for harm.
In practical terms, a hazard often is associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in an injury or illness.
Identifying hazards and eliminating or controlling them as early as possible will help prevent injuries and illnesses.
Let’s review a listing of common workplace hazards.

7. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Toxic chemical:
Chemical that exposes a person by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or through the bloodstream that causes illness, disease, or death
Flammable chemical:
Chemical that, when exposed to heat ignition source, results in combustion
Corrosive chemical:
Chemical that, when it comes into contact with skin, metal, or other materials, damages the materials
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Let’s review some common occupational hazards:
A toxic chemical is a chemical that exposes a person by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or through the bloodstream that causes illness, disease, or death. The amount of chemical exposure is critical in determining hazardous effects.
A flammable chemical is a chemical that, when exposed to a heat ignition source, results in combustion. Typically, the lower a chemical's flash point and boiling point, the more flammable the chemical.
A corrosive chemical is a chemical that, when it comes into contact with skin, metal, or other materials, damages the materials. Acids and bases are examples of corrosives.

8. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Explosions caused by chemical reactions:
Caused by the physical mixing of chemicals
Explosions caused by over pressurization:
Sudden and violent release of a large amount of energy due to a significant pressure difference
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Explosions caused by chemical reactions are explosions caused by the physical mixing of incompatible chemicals.
Explosions caused by over pressurization are sudden and violent release of a large amount of gas/energy due to a significant pressure difference such as rupture in a boiler or compressed gas cylinder.

9. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Electrical:
Contact with exposed conductors
Overheating or arcing to the point of combustion
Electrostatic discharge
Loss of electrical power to critical equipment
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
There are four types of electrical hazards.
Electrical shock is contact with exposed conductors or a device that is incorrectly or inadvertently grounded, such as when a metal ladder comes into contact with power lines. 60Hz alternating current (common house current) is very dangerous because it can stop the heart.
The use of electrical power that results in electrical overheating or arcing to the point of combustion or ignition of flammables, or electrical component damage.
Electrostatic discharge caused by moving or rubbing of wool, nylon, other synthetic fibers, and even flowing liquids generating static electricity. This creates an excess or deficiency of electrons on the surface of material that discharges (spark) to the ground resulting in the ignition of flammables or damage to electronics or the body's nervous system.
Loss of electrical power which results in critical equipment failure as a result of loss of power.

10. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Ergonomic strains:
Damage of tissue due to over exertion (strains and sprains) or repetitive motion
Human error ergonomics:
System designs, procedures, or equipment that is error-provocative
Excavation hazards:
Soil collapse in a trench or excavation as a result of improper or inadequate shoring
Fall, slip, and trip hazards:
Conditions that result in falls (impacts) from height or traditional walking surfaces
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Ergonomic strains are damage of tissue due to over exertion (strains and sprains) or repetitive motion.
Human error ergonomics include system designs, procedures, or equipment that is error-provocative. (A switch goes up to turn something off).
Excavation hazards include soil collapse in a trench or excavation as a result of improper or inadequate shoring. Soil type is critical in determining the hazard likelihood.
Fall, slip, and trip hazards are conditions that result in falls (impacts) from height or traditional walking surfaces (such as slippery floors, poor housekeeping, uneven walking surfaces, exposed ledges, etc.)

11. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Fire or high temperatures:
Burns to the skin or damage to other organs
Mechanical/Vibration hazards:
Damage to nerve endings or material fatigue that results in a safety-critical failure
Mechanical failures:
Occur when devices exceed designed capacity or are inadequately maintained
Mechanical hazards:
Skin, muscle, or body part exposed to crushing, caught-between, cutting, tearing, shearing items or equipment
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Fire or high temperatures that can cause burns to the skin or damage to other organs. Fires require a heat source, fuel, and oxygen.
Mechanical/Vibration hazards that can cause damage to nerve endings or material fatigue that results in a safety-critical failure. (Examples are abraded slings and ropes, weakened hoses and belts.)
Mechanical failures which typically occur when devices exceed designed capacity or are inadequately maintained.
Mechanical hazards to skin, muscle, or body part exposed to crushing, caught-between, cutting, tearing, or shearing items or equipment.

12. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Noise:
Resulting in hearing damage or inability to communicate safety-critical information
Ionizing radiation:
Alpha, Beta, Gamma, neutral particles, and X-rays that cause tissue ionization of cellular components
Non-ionizing radiation:
Ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and microwaves that cause injury to tissue by thermal or photochemical means
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Noise levels that result in hearing damage or inability to communicate safety-critical information.
Ionizing radiation including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, neutral particles, and X-rays that cause tissue damage by ionization of cellular components.
Non-ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and microwaves that cause injury to tissue by thermal or photochemical means.

13. Common Hazards and Descriptions
Struck by hazards:
Accelerated mass that strikes the body
Struck against hazards:
Coming into contact with a surface in which action was initiated by the person
Temperature extremes:
Heat stress, exhaustion, hypothermia
Visibility hazards:
Lack of lighting or obstructed vision that results in an error or other hazard
Weather phenomena:
Snow, rain, wind, or ice
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
And finally:
Struck by hazards which are accelerated mass that strikes the body causing injury or death. Examples are falling objects and projectiles.
Struck against hazards which are injuries to a body part as a result of coming into contact with a surface in which action was initiated by the person.
Temperature extremes that result in heat stress, exhaustion, or metabolic slow down such as hypothermia.
Visibility hazards caused by the lack of lighting or obstructed vision that results in an error or other hazard.
Weather phenomena such as snow, rain, wind, or ice.

14. The Job Hazard Analysis Tool
Section 2
The Job Hazard Analysis Tool
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Welcome to Section Two. Here, we will discuss the job hazard analysis tool.

15. Job Hazard Analysis Job Hazard Analysis:
Focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the environment
A tool to help identify uncontrolled hazards and take steps to eliminate
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before they occur.
It focuses on the relationship between the worker, the task, the tools, and the work environment.
It is a tool to help identify uncontrolled hazards and take steps to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk level.

16. The Importance of Job Hazard Analysis
Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day in the United States
Preventing workplace injuries and illnesses involves looking at workplace operations, establishing proper job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are trained properly
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Many workers are injured and killed at the workplace every day in the United States.
Safety and health can add value to your business, your job, and your life.
You can help prevent workplace injuries and illnesses by looking at your workplace operations, establishing proper job procedures, and ensuring that all employees are trained properly.
One of the best ways to determine and establish proper work procedures is to conduct a job hazard analysis.
A job hazard analysis is one component of the larger commitment of a safety and health management system.

17. The Value of JHA
Value:
Supervisors can use the findings of a job hazard analysis to eliminate and prevent hazards
A valuable tool for training new employees in the steps required to perform their jobs safely
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
What is the value of a job hazard analysis?
Supervisors can use the findings of a job hazard analysis to eliminate and prevent hazards in their workplaces.
This is likely to result in fewer worker injuries and illnesses; safer, more effective work methods; reduced workers' compensation costs; and increased worker productivity.
The analysis also can be a valuable tool for training new employees in the steps required to perform their jobs safely.
For a job hazard analysis to be effective, management must demonstrate its commitment to safety and health and follow through to correct any uncontrolled hazards identified.
Otherwise, management will lose credibility and employees may hesitate to go to management when dangerous conditions threaten them.

18. Selecting Jobs for Job Hazard Analysis
Selection:
Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates
Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if there is no history of previous accidents
Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury
Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and procedures
Jobs complex enough to require written instructions
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
What jobs are appropriate for a job hazard analysis? A job hazard analysis can be conducted on many jobs in your workplace. Priority should go to the following types of jobs:
Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates.
Jobs with the potential to cause severe or disabling injuries or illness, even if there is no history of previous accidents.
Jobs in which one simple human error could lead to a severe accident or injury.
Jobs that are new to your operation or have undergone changes in processes and procedures.
And jobs complex enough to require written instructions.

19. The Steps of JHA The steps: Involve employees Review accident history
Conduct a preliminary job review
List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs
Outline the steps or tasks
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
There are five steps to the JHA process:
Involve your employees.
Review your accident history.
Conduct a preliminary job review.
List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs, and
Outline the steps or tasks.
Let’s discuss each step.

20. Step One – Involve the Employees
Unique understanding of the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards
Minimizes oversights
Ensure a quality analysis
Get workers to "buy in" to the solutions because they will share ownership in their safety and health program
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Involving the employees.
It is very important to involve your employees in the hazard analysis process.
They have a unique understanding of the job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding hazards.
Involving employees will help minimize oversights, ensure a quality analysis, and get workers to "buy in" to the solutions because they will share ownership in their safety and health program.

21. Step Two – Review the Accident History
Accidents and occupational illnesses that needed medical treatment
Losses that required repair or replacement
Near miss events in which an accident or loss did not occur, but could have
These events are indicators that the existing hazard controls (if any) may not be adequate and deserve more scrutiny
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Review your accident history.
Review with your employees your worksite's history of accidents and occupational illnesses that needed treatment, losses that required repair or replacement, and any "near misses" -- events in which an accident or loss did not occur, but could have.
These events are indicators that the existing hazard controls (if any) may not be adequate and deserve more scrutiny.

22. Conduct a Preliminary Job Review
Step Three:
Brainstorm ideas to eliminate or control those hazards
If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger to an employee's life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker
Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Conduct a preliminary job review.
Discuss with your employees the hazards they know exist in their current work and surroundings.
Brainstorm with them for ideas to eliminate or control those hazards.
If any hazards exist that pose an immediate danger to an employee's life or health, take immediate action to protect the worker.
Any problems that can be corrected easily should be corrected as soon as possible.
Do not wait to complete your job hazard analysis.
This will demonstrate your commitment to safety and health and enable you to focus on the hazards and jobs that need more study because of their complexity.

23. Step Four – List, Rank, and Set Priorities
List jobs with hazards that present unacceptable risks, based on those most likely to occur and with the most severe consequences
These jobs should be your first priority for analysis
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous jobs.
List jobs with hazards that present unacceptable risks, based on those most likely to occur and with the most severe consequences.
These jobs should be your first priority for analysis.

24. Outline the Steps or Tasks
Record enough information to describe each job action
Avoid making the breakdown of steps too detailed
Get input from other workers who have performed the same job
Review the job steps with the employee to make sure you have not omitted something
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Outline the steps or tasks.
Nearly every job can be broken down into job tasks or steps. When beginning a job hazard analysis, watch the employee perform the job and list each step as the worker takes it.
Be sure to record enough information to describe each job action without getting overly detailed. Avoid making the breakdown of steps so detailed that it becomes unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not include basic steps.
You may find it valuable to get input from other workers who have performed the same job. Later, review the job steps with the employee to make sure you have not omitted something. Point out that you are evaluating the job itself, not the employee's job performance. Include the employee in all phases of the analysis -- from reviewing the job steps and procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and recommended solutions.
Sometimes, in conducting a job hazard analysis, it may be helpful to photograph or videotape the worker performing the job. These visual records can be handy references when doing a more detailed analysis of the work.

25. The JHA Form Form: Sequence of Basic Job Steps Potential Hazards
Recommended Control Measures
Sequence of Basic Job Steps
Potential Hazards
Recommended Control Measures
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
The form used to document a job hazard analysis usually consists of three columns as shown.
However, you should document your job hazard analysis in the manner you feel will be most effective for your workplace.

26. An Example Task for JHA Development
What are the steps to accomplish this job, starting when the worker gets the initial work order from their lead worker?
What are the hazards associated with each step?
The control measures?
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Take a moment to think about a maintenance worker who has to replace a light fixture.
What are the steps to accomplish this job, starting when the worker gets the initial work order from their lead worker.
What are the hazards associated with each step?
And the control measures?
Make some mental notes, or jot down your thoughts before advancing to the next slide.

27. The Four Steps of the JHA Form
Sequence of Basic Job Steps
Potential Hazards
Recommended Control Measures
Select ladder for task
Wrong type of ladder is selected
Training on ladder selection
Poster with selection matrix
Transport ladder to location
Lifting injury
Collision with other employees
Facility damage
Require the use of lifting aids, two-person carry or spotter
Set-up ladder at task location
Unstable base
Ladder not functioning properly
Training on proper ladder set-up Ladder inspection program
Ascend ladder to perform task
Fall from ladder during ascent
Require 3 points of contact
Basket/belt for tools and materials
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Here is what you might come up with for our light fixture replacement task. The first few steps involve ladder selection, transport, set-up and then ascending the ladder to change the light fixture. The potential hazards are outlined for each step, along with our suggested controls measures. Our slate of control measures includes a mixture of training, inspections, lifting aids, and work practices. Surely if we implement these control measures successfully, we should eliminate the potential for ladder incidents.
But think about a typical ladder incident. Perhaps a worker used the wrong type of ladder and the ladder failed. Or, they carried all their tools in their arms when they ascended the ladder and lost their balance. Or maybe the ladder had a broken rung and the worker decided to use the ladder anyway. Would our JHA be helpful in eliminating these hazards? If not, then the JHA has not been built properly. A proper JHA anticipates all of the potential hazards associated with each step of a task, and establishes one or more control measures to manage that hazard.
Of course, in our example we spoke of an employee changing a light fixture. So, we also have additional hazards associated with this task as far as tool usage and electricity. Our fully completed JHA for this task might have more than a dozen steps, several dozen hazards, and more than a dozen control measures!

28. Reviewing the Job Hazard Analysis
Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to help reduce workplace accidents and injuries
It is possible that during the review you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis
It is particularly important to review the job hazard analysis if an illness or injury occurs on a specific job
Any time a job hazard analysis is revised, train all employees affected by the changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
JHAs should be periodically reviewed. Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis ensures that it remains current and continues to help reduce workplace accidents and injuries. Even if the job has not changed, it is possible that during the review process you will identify hazards that were not identified in the initial analysis.
It is particularly important to review your job hazard analysis if an illness or injury occurs on a specific job. Based on the circumstances, you may determine that you need to change the job procedure to prevent similar incidents in the future. If an employee's failure to follow proper job procedures results in a “close call,’ discuss the situation with all employees who perform the job and remind them of proper procedures. Any time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is important to train all employees affected by the changes in the new job methods, procedures, or protective measures adopted.

29. Additional Information
Job Hazard Analysis. OSHA Publication
Safety and Health Management System e-Tool: /safetyhealth/mod4_tools_metho dologies.html
Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide)
Here are some sources of additional information on the topic. Please consult them to continue your learning on this topic.