1. Principles and Methods of Disease and Pest Control

2. Principles of Control Exclusion Eradication Protection Resistance
Prevent pathogens from being introduced in the first place
Eradication
If pathogens are established measures are taken to stop the spread and reduce populations
Protection
Isolate the host from the pathogen
Resistance
Plant is equipped with disease resistance

3. Preventing Pest Attack
Certain environmental conditions predispose plants to diseases
Select and use adapted cultivars
Use pest-resistant cultivars
Plant at the best time

4. Preventing Pest Attack
Provide adequate nutrition
Observe good sanitation
Remove weeds
Use quality seeds or seedlings
Prepare the soil properly

5. Controlling Insect Pests
Biological control
Cultural control
Regulatory or legislative control
Chemical control
Mechanical control
Integrated Pest Managment

6. Classification of Pesticides
A substance or mixture of substances used to control undesirable plants and animals
Insecticides
Pesticides used to control unwanted insects
Fungicides
Designed to control fungal pathogens

7. Fungicides Protective Systemic Organic Inorganic Protect plant surface
Penetrate the plant tissue
Organic
More selective, pose less environmental danger
Inorganic
Sulfur, copper, mercury

8. Other Pesticides Nematicides Rodenticides Molluscides Miticides
Nematodes
Rodenticides
Rodents
Molluscides
Snails and slugs
Miticides
Mites
Aviacides
Birds

9. Decision making process of pest control
Detection
Identification
Biology and habits
Economic importance
Choice of method
Application
Evaluation
Record keeping

10. Pesticide Toxicity Toxicity Lethal Dose (LD50)
The relative capacity of a substance to be poisonous to a living organism.
Oral
Inhalation
Dermal
Lethal Dose (LD50)
The milligrams of toxicant per kilogram body weight of an organism that is capable of killing 50% of the organisms under the test conditions.

11. Methods of pesticide application
Foliar application
Soil treatment
Seed treatment
Control of postharvest pests

12. Controlling Insect Pests
Biological control
Cultural control
Regulatory or legislative control
Chemical control
Mechanical control
Integrated Pest Managment

13. Biological Control of Pests
Structural
Chemicals
Phytoallexins
Parasitism

14. Biological Control of Pests
Pre-predator relationships
Antagonism
Repellents
Alternative hosts
Biocontrol
Microbial sprays

15. Cultural Control of Pests
Crop rotation
Related species and monoculture
Sanitation
Resistant cultivars
Host eradication
Mulching

16. Regulatory or Legislative Control
Plant quarantines
Emerald Ash Borer
Gypsy Moth
Potatoes

17. Integrated Pest Management Methods
People who practice IPM (integrated pest management) understand that eradicating insect pests and diseases of plants is usually unrealistic.
IPM primarily consists of methods used to prevent plant problems from occurring in the first place.

18. Pest Management Methods
To practice IPM in the landscape, choose plants that are well suited to the site.
Plant them properly and keep the plants healthy by carefully watering, fertilizing, and pruning them.

19. IPM Control Decision 1. Confirm that there is a pest problem
Look for pests and diseases and the evidence or signs they leave. Look for symptoms the plant exhibits as a result of pest activity.
Examine your plants often. Identify your plants to be sure that the twisted leaves, unusual coloration, or strange-looking structures you see are not a normal part of the plant.
Try to rule out site-related problems by making sure that the soil type, drainage conditions, fertility level, and other environmental conditions are favorable for the plant.

20. IPM Control Decision 2. Identify the problem
Effective pest management depends on the accurate identification of the pest.
Insects and mites often are associated with specific plants, and they follow certain development and behavior patterns as the season progresses.
Use reference books and other resources.

21. IPM Control Decision 2. Identify the problem
Plant diseases may be caused by pathogens including fungi, nematodes, bacteria, or viruses. Each pathogen is capable of infecting only certain plants.
Infection occurs under particular environmental conditions, with symptoms of the disease appearing later.
To identify plant diseases accurately, compare visible signs and symptoms of the disease with descriptions in reference books.

22. IPM Control Decision 3. Determine if a control measure is needed
Determine if the damage is severe enough to justify a management tactic.
Is the damage actually affecting the health of the plant? If not, does it make the plant look bad enough to detract from the appearance of your landscape?
Are natural controls present?

23. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method Physical Methods
Pests can be removed from plants physically.
Use traps to catch certain pests, and barriers to protect plants from insect attack or disease infection.
Physically removing the plant and replacing it with one that will not be affected by the pest.
Thinning crowded plants.

24. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method Cultural Legislative
Proper soil preparation
Proper time of planting
Resistant cultivars
Legislative
Restrict transport of plant materials

25. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method Biological methods
The first group includes living organisms that can kill the pest.
"Beneficials" may be predators or parasites.
Both the larvae and adult lady beetles eat aphids and other soft-bodied insects. Other predators include lacewings, spined soldier bugs, flower flies, and spiders. Parasites live on and often kill another organism, called the host. Some parasitic wasps use caterpillars, whiteflies, aphids, and soft scales as hosts.

26. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method continued
The second group includes naturally occurring biochemicals that are harmful to the pest yet often are harmless to other living organisms.
A naturally occurring biochemical is the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt contains a protein that is poisonous to specific insects, yet harmless to other organisms. Bt can be sprayed on plants. When the sensitive insect pest feeds on the sprayed leaves, it will ingest the protein and be killed.

27. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method Chemicals
Conventional chemicals are used only as a last resort in an IPM program, but sometimes are the most effective means of control.
To have the greatest effect, these materials need to be applied on a specific part of the plant when the pest is most vulnerable.
Always apply chemical controls according to label directions.

28. IPM Control Decision 4. Choose a method continued Chemicals
In many cases, environmentally safe pesticides such as horticultural oil or insecticidal soap are effective choices.  Again, applications must be timed carefully to have the greatest effect on the pest insect population. Because they have no residual activity after they have dried, soaps and oils are usually the option that is the least disruptive to populations of beneficial organisms

29. Chemical Safety Procedures
Mix pesticides according to label instructions. Do not use more or less concentrate in the mixture than the label recommends. Mix only as much material as you need for the application.
Wear protective clothing as specified on the label.
Label a set of mixing and measuring tools that are used only for insecticides and fungicides, and store them with the products. Use a separate set of measuring tools and spray equipment for herbicides.

30. Chemical Safety Procedures
Keep pets and people away from the area where you store, mix, and apply pesticides. Stay away from a treated area for as long as the label directs.
Do not spray on a windy day or when air temperatures will be above 85°F before the spray solution dries.
Clean equipment and mixing tools as soon as you finish spraying.

31. Chemical Safety Procedures
After spraying, change your protective clothing and bathe. Wash the clothes you were wearing separately from your regular laundry.
Keep records of where and when you sprayed, what pesticide you used, and how much you used. Give the treatment time to work, then evaluate and record your results.

32. Classification based on killing action
Contact action
Stomach action
Systemic action
Fumigation
Repellent action
Attractant action
Suffocation

33. Classification based on chemistry
Inorganic
Increasing less common
Kill by stomach action
Organic
Natural (Botanicals)
Pyrethrum from chrysanthemum
Stomach or contact poisons
Synthetic
Artificial compounds

34. Classification based on chemistry
Fumigants
Closed environment
Injected into the soil
Spray Oils
Scale and mites in orchards
Dormant oil
Biologicals
Bacillus thuringiensis control caterpillars

35. Chemical Formulations
Dry
Dusts
Wettable powders
Granules
Pellets
Baits

36. Chemical Formulations
Liquid
Aerosols
Emulsifiable concentrates
Flowables
Fumigants
Solutions

37. Effective and safe application
Identify the pest
Determine economic damage potential
Insect biology
Houseplant, vegetable and landscape pests

38. Greenhouse Pest Control
Aphids*
Fungus gnats*
Leaf minors*
Mealybugs*
Mites*
Scale insects*
Slugs and snails*
Thrips
Whiteflies*
Caterpillars

39. Greenhouse Pest Control
Powdery mildew*
Botrytis blight
Root rot*
Damping-off*
Verticillium wilt
Nematodes
Complete the Below for 10 Insects:
Find and Adult Picture
Find a Picture of the Insect Phase that causes damage
Find a picture of the damage caused by the insect
Label