1. The Constitution Supreme & binding law of the land that both grants and limits powers The Foundation of Citizens’ Rights

2. The Foundations of American Democracy (pp. 19 – 21) Early Colonization Early Colonization - 1607: Jamestown government - 1732: thirteen British colonies (states w/ own governing Constitution) Economic Distress Economic Distress - colonist exclusive trade w/ Britain (taxes) - Sept. 1774, First Continental Congress (no GA) - April 1775, Second Continental Congress (marshaling of forces, financing of war, and creation of Articles of Confederation since no financing of war, and creation of Articles of Confederation since no document governing entire nation) document governing entire nation) Declaration of Independence, 1776 Declaration of Independence, 1776 - “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” (p. 19) - reserves rights to (white) men & property owners - declared war w/ Britain & rallied support for separation

3. The Birth of a Nation (pp. 21 – 25) The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation - single national assembly/Congress - colonies were sovereign – independent; no central government central government - 3 economic problems: currency, commerce, collection of taxes - 1786-7 Shay’s Rebellion The Road to Philadelphia The Road to Philadelphia - Sept. 1786 – mtg. of 5 delegates in MD - May 1787 – mtg. of 55 (white, male, landowner) delegates in PA; Washington presided; secret; revise the Article of Confederation Washington presided; secret; revise the Article of Confederation A New Constitution A New Constitution - VA Plan + NJ Plan = Great CT Compromise Regional Tensions (North vs. South) Regional Tensions (North vs. South) - slavery = 3/5 Compromise - commerce = Congressional regulation - states set own requirements for voting

4. Constitutional Principles (pp. 23-25) Liberal Democratic Principles Liberal Democratic Principles - “We the People…” Separation of Powers (L – make; E – enforce/implement; J – interpret) and Checks and Balances – overlapping powers Separation of Powers (L – make; E – enforce/implement; J – interpret) and Checks and Balances – overlapping powers Federalism – power sharing between national and state governments; protect citizens from powerful government Federalism – power sharing between national and state governments; protect citizens from powerful government

5. Constitutional Construction 4608 words (pp. 25 – 26) Article I – The Legislative Article (bicameral Congress) Article I – The Legislative Article (bicameral Congress) Article II – The Executive Article Article II – The Executive Article Article III – The Judicial Article (Supreme Court) Article III – The Judicial Article (Supreme Court) Article IV – Interstate Relations (among states) Article IV – Interstate Relations (among states) Article V – The Amending Power (2/3 Congress; legislators in 3/4 of states) Article V – The Amending Power (2/3 Congress; legislators in 3/4 of states) Article VI – The Supremacy Act (national) Article VI – The Supremacy Act (national) Article VII – Ratification (9/13) Article VII – Ratification (9/13)

6. The Fight for Ratification (pp. 26 – 30) Federalists – for ratification Federalists – for ratification Antifederalists – against ratification Antifederalists – against ratification – lacked Bill of Rights – called for common currency – “new” document The Battle in the States The Battle in the States - five ratified immediately; 1787, Federalist Papers; ten by 1788*; 13 th by May 29, 1790 Papers; ten by 1788*; 13 th by May 29, 1790 Making Good on a Promise Making Good on a Promise - Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) adopted by states 1791 states 1791

7. Constitutional Change (pp. 30 – 33)

8. Amending the Constitution Two Proposal Methods Two Proposal Methods - Introduced Congress and approved by 2/3 vote in both houses - Introduced at National convention called by Congress at request of 2/3 of state legislatures Two Ratification Methods Two Ratification Methods - Approval by state legislators in ¾ of the states - Approval by ratifying conventions in ¾ of states (*21 st Amendment)

9. Institutional Adaption Adaptable and flexible Adaptable and flexible Up for interpretation Up for interpretation Withstands change Withstands change

10. Judicial Review 1803 Marbury v. Madison 1803 Marbury v. Madison – judicial review – power granted to the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of a law (p. 32)

11. Expanding the Franchise White, male, landowners + non-landowners by 1800s White, male, landowners + non-landowners by 1800s 13 th Amendment abolished slavery; 15 th Amendment gave black males vote (race) 13 th Amendment abolished slavery; 15 th Amendment gave black males vote (race) 19 th Amendment = Women’s Suffrage (gender) 19 th Amendment = Women’s Suffrage (gender) 26 th Amendment = 18 to vote (age) 26 th Amendment = 18 to vote (age)

12. The Constitution and Civic Engagement Today September 17 th = Constitution and Citizen Day (est. 2004 by Congress) (est. 2004 by Congress)