1. Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?
Political, Economic, Military Cooperation

2. The survival of States is Threatened…
By the trend toward self-determination as an expression of unique cultural identity
And the trend toward globalization, as states transfer authority to regional organizations like NAFTA, UN, NATO

3. United Nations Established after WW2 to prevent a third world war
49 original members, 192 by 2007
Members increased on 3 occasions- 1955, 1960, and 1990s
’55- countries liberated from Nazi Germany
’60- Newly independent nations in Africa
’90s- From the breakup of USSR/Yugoslavia, microstates

4. United Nations League of Nations 1st attempt at peacekeeping- failed
UN can establish peacekeeping force- but relies on voluntary contributions of troops from members
5 permanent members of the Security Council have vetoes- US, Russia, UK France, China- during Cold War vetoes used to prevent intervention (except Korea)

5. United Nations
China, France, Russia vetoed UN action to remove Saddam Hussein- 2003
UN Peacekeepers- maintain neutrality, operate in E. Europe, Middle East, Africa
Sometimes ineffective because states’ contribution of troops voluntary
UN- for the first time, all states can meet and vote before resorting to war.

6. Regional Military Alliances
After WW2, world divided between 2 superpowers- USA and USSR. Before, many superpowers- no one dominated
Balance of Power- roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Weaker states became ally or satellite of two powers
Acquiring an ally added power and took it away from the enemy

7. Era of 2 Superpowers
Both powers used military force to control their allies
USSR invaded Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Afghanistan
USA invaded Grenada, Dominican Republic, Panama
Both powers established military bases in other countries to respond quickly/ maintain strength

8. Cuban Missile Crisis

9. Military Cooperation 2 alliances- NATO and Warsaw Pact
NATO- (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- US, Canada, 14 European states. France, Spain members but did not contribute troops. Goal- prevent USSR from invading Germany
7 members of Warsaw Pact- invaded Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Goal- prevent a third German invasion of Russia

10. Military Cooperation
NATO, W. Pact now obsolete- NATO troops sharply reduced, but membership expanded into former Warsaw Pact countries. Membership provides security against Russian invasion
W. Pact disbanded
OSCE- Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe- includes Russia, Goal- ending conflict in Europe

11. Military Cooperation
OAS- Organization of American States- all 35 states in W. hemisphere. Goal- promotes economic, social, political, and cultural links
Cuba a member but suspended in 1962
AU- African Union- 53 countries- promotes economic integration of Africa. Replaced OAU which opposed Apartheid

12. British Commonwealth
Includes UK and 53 other former British colonies. Goal- economic and cultural cooperation

13. Economic Cooperation
Since end of Cold War in 1992, world has returned to more than 2 powers like before WW2
2 Key differences- 1. Most important elements of state power are now economic instead of military
2. Leading power is not a single state, but the EU a collection of states

14. European Union
AKA EEC, Common market, established in Goal- heal wounds of WW2
Main task of EU is to promote development within member states through economic cooperation
Has removed international barriers to trade- goods, services, and people can move freely throughout Europe
The Euro has removed differences in prices, interest rates, and made the EU economy the wealthiest in the world

15. German Nation
Flashback- Germany emerged as a nation-state in Otto von Bismarck forced German kingdoms into his Prussian dominated German Empire
Did not get all German speaking areas of Europe
Germany punished after WW1, lost territory, arbitrary borders- fragmented state

16. German Nation
Nazi takeovers of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria justified as attempts to rebuild German nation-state
After WW2, Germany carved into 4 zones- US, UK, France, USSR
3 zones reunited, Soviet zone became E. Germany
1990- E. Germany absorbed

22. Why has Terrorism Increased?
Terrorism- systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands
Violence is seen as necessary to bring attention to problems not being addressed through peaceful means
Terrorism is applied to actions by groups rather than official governments, although some states provide support for terrorists

24. Terrorism
Differs from assassination because civilians are targets, not political leaders or the military
Terrorists consider all citizens responsible for the actions being opposed, so they are all legit targets.
Distinguishing terrorism from political violence is difficult- is a suicide bombing a terrorist attack or an act of war? Depends on your perspective.

25. Terrorist Attacks 1988- Pan Am 103 shot down 1993- WTC bomb
1995- Oklahoma City
1998- US embassies in E. Africa
2000- USS Cole
/11

27. American Terrorists
Timothy McVeigh executed for Oklahoma City- motivated by FBI attack in Waco, TX
Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski- (Unabomber) sent bombs through the mail over 17 years- academics in technology and businessmen harming the environment

28. Unabomber’s homemade gun

29. 9/11 4 planes, 19 hijackers, 3,000 deaths
Al-Qaeda means “the foundation”
Bin Laden family became rich through close connections to the Saudi royal family
Osama bin Laden used his inheritance to fund Al Qaeda
Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to help fight Soviets

30. 9/11
A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the US is responsible for:
1. Maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia
2. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel

31. 9/11 Estimated 20,000 members, isolated autonomous cells
Sleeper cell- blend into normal society, hold jobs, wait for orders.
Other extremist organizations take the “brand name” Al Qaeda as a symbol of legitimacy

32. State Support for Terrorism
Three levels of support:
1. Providing sanctuary
2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence
3. Planning attacks using terrorists

33. Libya Accused of sponsoring a bombing of a nightclub in Berlin
PanAm flight 103
US bombed Libya in response
Qaddafi renounced terrorism and agreed to provide compensation to families- 2003
3 states have been accused by US of supporting terrorism since 9/11- Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran

34. Afghanistan 1973- Afghan king overthrown
1978- Gov’t established that sympathized w/ USSR
USSR invaded after mujahedeen (holy warriors) rebelled against gov’t (1979)
USSR withdrew in 1989, gov’t collapsed in 1992
1995- Taliban gained control of country
They sheltered Al Qaeda

35. Iraq
While most states supported Afghan invasion, few supported invasion of Iraq
Saddam Hussein took power in ’79
year war with Iran- stalemate
Nuclear reactor blown up in 1981 by Israel
Kurds die by poison gas
1990- Iraq invades Kuwait
1991- Desert Storm

37. Iraq
While almost the entire UN supported Desert Storm, few supported US invasion in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein
Why? was to end an unjustified invasion no one believed Hussein still possessed weapons of mass destruction or intended to use them.
US assessment was based on faulty intelligence
US assertion that Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda was false

41. Iraq
Ruling Ba’ath party based on pan-Arabism- 1 Arab nation sharing oil wealth
Philosophy not derived from religion like Al-Qaeda
So US changed justification to Saddam is a bad man and needs to be removed- “regime change”
Other countries believe you don’t violate sovereignty simply because you don’t like the leader
Kurds support US, Sunnis, Shi’ites oppose US invasion

43. Iran
1979- Revolution overthrows Shah as people demanded more democracy
Replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini who declared Iran an Islamic republic and made himself dictator
Seized US embassy in 1979 and hels 62 Americans hostage until 1981
Fought 8 year war w/ Iran over Shatt al-Arab, 1.5 million dead,