1. 1 INFORMATION FOR OBSERVERS IASB BOARD MEETING: 11 DECEMBER 2007, LONDON AGENDA PAPER 4B This document is provided as a convenience to observers at IASB meetings, to assist them in following the Board’s discussion. It does not represent an official position of the IASB. Board positions are set out in Standards. These notes are based on the staff papers prepared for the IASB. Paragraph numbers correspond to paragraph numbers used in the IASB papers. However, because these notes are less detailed, some paragraph numbers are not used. Liabilities and Equity FASB Preliminary Views Financial Instruments with Characteristics of Equity

2. IASB Board Meeting December 11, 2007

3. 3 History of the Project Added to agenda in 1986 Resulting FASB documents –1990 Discussion Memorandum –Statement 150 and follow on FSPs –ED proposing revisions to definitions in Concepts Statement No. 6 –Milestone Draft of Proposed Standard –2007 Preliminary Views (PV) Milestone draft based on ownership-settlement (O-S) approach PV supports basic ownership approach

4. 4 Problems in Developing O-S Approach Complexity –To achieve classification based on forms of settlement, the following concepts were needed Perpetual, basic and indirect ownership instruments Separation Linkage Substantive Features Inconsistencies –Single and multiple component instruments classified first based on equity characteristics –Multiple component instruments measured first as debt; equity is the residual Obligations first approach May result in unrealistic numbers

5. 5 Problems in Developing O-S Approach Opportunities for accounting arbitrage opportunities –Instruments with similar economic outcomes are classified differently if settled differently (e.g., physical versus cash settlement for options, SARS, and convertible debt) Difficulty in developing Conceptual Framework definition of equity and liabilities –Equity includes (a) the most residual instruments, (b) other perpetual instruments, and (c) instruments that change in value because the value of the most residual instruments changes and in the same direction as the most residual interests and is settled with the most residual instrument –A liability is an obligation that is not equity

6. 6 Basic Ownership Approach Conceptual Reasons for PV Equity includes the most residual instrument(s) even if redeemable for fair value or an approximation Possible ways to define liabilities: –A present claim that an entity has little or no discretion to avoid and that has the potential to decrease the assets distributable to the most residual instruments –A present claim that the entity has little or no discretion to avoid and that is not the most residual instrument OR –A present obligation that will be settled with assets or equity Does not work for perpetual preferred shares Does not work for mandatorily redeemable shares

7. 7 Basic Ownership Approach Application Reasons for PV Because settlement does not affect classification, there are fewer accounting arbitrage opportunities and no need to consider unstated cash settlement options Fewer accounting arbitrage opportunities mean less need to apply the linkage requirements and little or no need to apply the substance requirements Far fewer instruments are separated, which avoids most of the “obligation first” issues Easier to craft a simple conceptual definition

8. 8 Potential Challenges in Acceptance of Basic Ownership Approach Approach has a greater impact on the income statement Changes accounting for stock options Changes accounting for convertible debt Observation: Generally consistent with proposed accounting for puttable shares under IAS 32

9. 9 All Three Approaches Most subordinate class or classes of instruments Percentage of assets after all other claims that must be satisfied Share must not be limited or guaranteed Basic Ownership Instrument (BOI)

10. 10 All Three Approaches May be puttable or mandatorily redeemable for fair value or a book- value-based approximation May be callable (at any price) BOIs of subsidiaries are BOIs in consolidation (unless modified) Basic Ownership Instrument (BOI)

11. 11 All Three Approaches Initial measurement at transaction price Mandatorily redeemable/puttable equity presented separately from other equity Presentation in P&L not yet addressed Measurement & Presentation

12. 12 Ownership-Settlement Approach BOIs and BO components are equity Other perpetual instruments are equity Certain indirect ownership instruments are equity All others are liabilities or assets Classification

13. 13 Ownership-Settlement Approach Not perpetual Fair value or cash flows linked to a BOI; changes in same direction No contingent exercise based on: –A price not the price of the underlying BOI –A price index not related solely to the reporting entity’s operations Indirect Ownership Instruments

14. 14 Ownership-Settlement Approach Written call options Purchased put options Debt convertible to BOIs Forward contracts to issue BOIs Stock appreciation rights (on BOIs) Warrants on BOIs Indirect Ownership Instruments

15. 15 Ownership-Settlement Approach Settlement with the same BOI to which its value is linked Indirect Ownership Instruments Classified as Equity

16. 16 Ownership-Settlement Approach Physically settled written call options or warrants on BOIs Written call options settled net with BOIs Forward contracts to issue BOIs Indirect Ownership Instruments Classified as Equity

17. 17 Ownership-Settlement Approach Written call options net settled in cash Net cash settled forward contracts Indirect Ownership Instruments Not Classified as Equity

18. 18 Ownership-Settlement Approach Two or more alternative or separate outcomes; some equity and some not equity –Settlements in different forms are separate outcomes –Remaining outstanding is an outcome Only two components even if more outcomes Separation

19. 19 Ownership-Settlement Approach Asset/liability components measured at the fair value of a comparable freestanding instrument that is 100% likely to be settled Remainder of the transaction price allocated to the equity component Obligation First Approach

20. 20 Ownership-Settlement Approach Debt convertible to BOIs BOI puttable at a fixed price Instruments Separated

21. 21 Ownership-Settlement Approach Mandatorily redeemable or puttable BOIs at redemption value; changes in equity Liabilities/assets with cash flows or fair values that vary with prices of BOIs at fair value; changes in P&L Same as current GAAP for others Remeasurement

22. 22 Ownership-Settlement Approach Special provisions for accreted cost instruments and components not settled as assumed in the initial measurement Expiration or delayed settlement may change classification, separation, or accretion Settlement, Expiration, Forgiveness, or Conversion

23. 23 Ownership-Settlement Approach Ignore settlement provisions with remote probability or minimal effect Consider unwritten (cash) settlement alternatives with more than remote probability and more than minimal effect Substance

24. 24 Ownership-Settlement Approach Multiple instruments linked (accounted for as if a single instrument) if part of the same arrangement –Issued near the same time with same counterparty; interacting payoff structures –Interdependent; e.g., contractual link Linkage

25. 25 REO Approach BOIs and components (BOCs) are equity Other ownership instruments (preferred shares, etc) are liabilities Equity derivatives/hybrids separated into BOCs and debt using option pricing models Remeasurement/reseparation at each measurement date; changes in P&L

26. 26 Basic Ownership Approach BOIs and BOCs are equity All other financial instruments are assets or liabilities Classification

27. 27 Basic Ownership Approach Convertible debt of all types Options and forwards of all types Puttable shares (unless BOIs) Preferred stock (and any other shares that are not BOIs) Instruments Classified as Assets or Liabilities

28. 28 Basic Ownership Approach Only if a BOI remains outstanding after a required settlement (Probably rare) Obligation first approach Separation

29. 29 Basic Ownership Approach BOI with a “make whole” requirement BOI with a registration rights penalty Instruments Separated

30. 30 Basic Ownership Approach Convertible debt Puttable or callable stock Instruments Not Separated

31. 31 Basic Ownership Approach Mandatorily redeemable or puttable BOIs at redemption value; changes in equity Liabilities/assets with cash flows or fair values that vary with prices of BOIs at fair value; changes in P&L Other liabilities/assets same as current GAAP Remeasurement

32. 32 Basic Ownership Approach Convertible debt Stock options Puttable stock (if not a basic ownership instrument) Instruments at Fair Value through P&L