1. Plants water and mineral movement
Vessel Member
Description: dead plant cells
One huge tube for water transport
Tracheid
Description: dead plant cells
Separate tubes for separate directly traveling water
More water can travel in more places

2. Movement of water in plants
Process
Explanation/details
1. Water moves down concentration gradients
Water moves through osmosis from an area of higher to lower concentration.
2. Water lost by transpiration is replaced by water from vessels
Water goes from a high water potential to area of lower water potential. (analogy: straw)
3. Vessel water column is maintained due to cohesion and adhesion
Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.
4. Tension occurs in the columns of water in the xylem
A lot of water retained in xylem. Charges in water molecules and xylem attract and repel each other to defy gravity.
5. Water is pulled from the root cortex into xylem cells
This is caused by capillary action – this is when something is transport throughout the system through concentration difference.
6. Water is pulled from the soil into the roots

3. Reproduction in Angiosperms

4. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Flower Part
Function
Sepals
Support the petals and the rest of the flower
petals
Attract pollinators by having pretty colours and scents
anther
Pollen is produced and located here
filament
Attaches the anther to the rest of the plant, makes pollen available to pollinator
stigma
The top of the pistil, where the pollen enters
Style
Holds up the pistil, path pollen takes to ovary
Ovary
Where the “eggs” are, where fertilization takes place to form a zygote.

5. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination
Fertilization
When pollen is carried to plant by pollinators
Gametophyte generation: haploid
Methods of Pollination: wind, water, pollinators (insects, animals), artificial pollination
Types of Pollination: CROSS POLLINATION: across two different plants – creates genetic diversity of plants. SELF POLLINATION: within the same plant, No variation, increases harmful mutations, continuation of a specific species.
Sporophyte generation: diploids
Steps:
after pollen is caught by the stigma, it goes down the pollen tube within the style, into the ovules. The haploid cells of pollen fertilize the ovule haploids to produce a zygote.

6. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Seed Part
Function
testa
Protect the embryo
cotyledons
Food for the embryo
Micropyle
Attaches the embryo to food source, where the pollen once entered
Embryo root/shoot/radicle
The actual plant growth
hilum
micropyle

7. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Conditions for Seed germination
1. Warm temperatures: allows chemical reactions in seed to occur to start growth. Optimal temperature needed – too hot will denature proteins, too cold will slow down progress.
2. Moisture: not provided by the cotyledon, softens testa to allow embryo to grow
hilum
micropyle

8. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Plant Type
Flowering and light
Examples
Long Day plants
Bloom when days are longests and nights are shortest
Radishes, spinach, and lettuce
Short Day Plants
Bloom in spring, late summer, and autum when days are shorter
Poinsettias, chrysantheumums, and asters
Day-neutral plants
Flower without regard to day length
Roses, dandilions and tomatoes

9. Reproduction in Angiosperms
660 nm red light
Growth Response
(promoted or inhibited) Pr
Rapid reaction
Pfr
730 nm red light
Pfr reverts to Pr in the dark very slowly