1. Fig. 8.7

2. Structure of Flowers
Outermost whorl typically consists of three to five sepals.
Sepals (calyx) may be fused together.
Next whorl consists of three to many petals (corolla).
Calyx and corolla form the perianth.

3. Structure of Flowers
Several to many stamens are attached to the receptacle around the base of the pistil.
Each stamen consists of a filament with an anther at the top.
Pollen grains developed and disseminated in anthers.

4. Structure of Flowers
Pistil consists of Stigma, Style, and Ovary.
Superior Ovary - Calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary.
Inferior Ovary - Receptacle grows up and around the ovary.
Calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top.
Inflorescences - Group of several to hundreds of flowers.

5. Generalized Flower

6. Fruits
Fruit is an ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured.
Usually contains seeds.
All fruits develop from flower ovaries and accordingly are found exclusively in flowering plants.

7. Fruits
Fruit Regions
Exocarp - Skin
Endocarp - Inner boundary around seed(s).
Mesocarp - Fleshy tissue between exocarp and endocarp.
Three regions are collectively called the pericarp.

8. Regions of a Mature Peach

9. Simple fleshy fruits develop from a flower with a single pistil.
Drupe - Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit.
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10. Fig. 8.9

11. True berry is a fruit with a thin skin and a relatively soft pericarp.
Fruits
Berry - Usually develops from a compound ovary and often contains more than one seed.
True berry is a fruit with a thin skin and a relatively soft pericarp.
Pepos - Relatively thick rinds (Pumpkins).
Hesperidium - Leathery skin containing oils (Citrus).
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12. Fig. 8.10a

13. Fruits
Pomes - Bulk of flesh comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. (Apples)
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14. Fruits
Dry Fruits That Split at Maturity (Dehiscent)
Follicle - Splits along one side or seam.
Legume - Splits along two sides or seams.
Silique - Splits along two sides or seams, but seeds are borne on central partition exposed when the two halves separate.
Capsules - Consist of at least two carpels, and split in a variety of ways.

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16. Fig. 8.12

17. Fig. 8.14b

18. Fig. 8.14a

19. Fig. 8.15

20. Dry Fruits That Do Not Split at Maturity (Indehiscent) Achene Nut
Grain
Samara
Schizocarp
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21. Fig. 8.16

22. Fig. 8.17

23. Fruits
Aggregate Fruits
Derived from a single flower with several to many pistils.
Individual pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
Raspberries, Strawberries.
Multiple Fruits
Derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence.
Pineapples, Figs

24. Fig. 8.19

25. Fig. 8.19b

26. Fig. 8.20

27. Fig. 8.21

28. Fruit and Seed Dispersal
Wind Dispersal
Small and Lightweight seeds.
Animal Dispersal
Seeds pass through digestive tract.
Fruits and seeds catch in fur or feathers.
Oils attract ants.
Water Dispersal
Some fruits contain trapped air.
Mechanical Ejection of Seeds

29. Fig. 8.22

30. Fig. 8.23

31. Seeds
Structure
Cotyledons - Food storage organs that function as first seed leaves.
Plumule - Embryo shoot.
Epicotyl - Stem above cotyledon.
Hypocotyl - Stem below attachment point.
Radicle - Stem tip developing into a root.

32. Prevention of Water Uptake Mechanical Constraint
Dormancy
Coat Imposed Dormancy
Prevention of Water Uptake
Mechanical Constraint
Interference with Gas Exchange
Retention of Inhibitors
Production of Inhibitors

33. High levels of GA and ABA
Dormancy
Embryo Dormancy
High levels of GA and ABA

34. Primary vs Secondary dormancy Release from Dormancy Afterripening
Chilling (stratification)
Light

36. Germination
Germination is the beginning or resumption of seed growth.
Seed must be viable.
Favorable Environmental Factors
Imbibe water

37. Fig. 8.28b

38. Fig. 8.29

39. Longevity
Viability of most seeds is significantly extended when the seeds are stored under conditions of low temperatures and kept dry.
A few species produce seeds with no period of dormancy.
Vivipary

40. PP2303.jpg

43. Box Fig. 8.1

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