1. Michael A. Hitt C. Chet Miller Adrienne Colella Slides by R. Dennis Middlemist Chapter 5 Personality, Attitudes, and Values

2. Knowledge Objectives 1. Define personality and explain the basic nature of personality traits. 2. Describe the Big Five personality traits, with particular emphasis on the relationship with job performance, success on teams, and job satisfaction. 3. Discuss specific cognitive and motivational concepts of personality, including locus of control and achievement motivation.

3. Knowledge Objectives 4. Define intelligence and describe its role in the workplace. 5. Define an attitude and describe how attitudes are formed and how they can be changed. 6. Discuss the meaning of values.

4. Personality – A stable set of characteristics representing internal properties of an individual, which are reflected in behavioral tendencies across a variety of situations Relatively enduring Major determinants of one’s behavior Influence one’s behavior across wide variety of situations

5. Determinants of Personality Development Heredity – Study of identical twins – Assessments of newborns – Genes Environment – Social exposures – Physiological forces – Socioeconomic factors

6. Big Five Personality Traits Adapted from: Exhibit 5.1 The Big Five Personality Traits ExtraversionConscientiousnessAgreeablenessEmotional stability Openness to experience Personality

7. Big Five Personality Traits Extraversion – Outgoing and derives energy from being around people Conscientiousness – Focuses on goals and works toward them in disciplined manner Agreeableness – Easygoing and tolerant

8. Big Five Personality Traits Emotional stability – Easily copes with stressful situations or heavy demands Openness to experience – Seeks new experiences and thinks creatively about the future

9. Big Five and High-Involvement Management Adapted from Exhibit 6-3: Factors Affecting Goal Commitment Exhibit 5-2 Patience in providing information and support when empowering others, but also the ability to confront individuals when there is a problem Interest in sharing information, ability to coach and train, and interest in helping others plan careers E+(C+)A++ES+(O+) Motivating othersAbility to bring out the best in other people, desire to recognize contributions of others, and in general an interest in others E++C+(A+)ES+ The Big Five and High-Involvement Management CompetenciesDescriptionBig Five Traits* E+C+A-ES+O+Delegating to others Developing others For Managers

10. Big Five and High-Involvement Management Adapted from Exhibit 6-3: Factors Affecting Goal Commitment Exhibit 5-2The Big Five and High-Involvement Management Decision-making skills CompetenciesDescriptionBig Five Traits* Careful consideration of important inputs, little putting off of decisions, and no tendency to change mind repeatedly E+C++A-ES+O+ Self-developmentUse of all available resources for improvement, interest in feedback, and lack of defensiveness For Associates E+C++A+ES+(O-) Self-managementLittle procrastination, effective time management, and a focus on targets E+C+(A-) TeamworkWillingness to subordinate personal interests for the team, ability to follow or lead depending on the needs of the team, and commitment to building team spirit E+C+A++ES+O+

11. Cognitive and Motivational Properties of Personality Cognitive properties – Perceptual and thought processes – Affect how one typically processes information Motivational properties – Stable differences – Energize and maintain overt behaviors

12. Cognitive and Motivational Properties of Personality Adapted from: Exhibit 5-3: Cognitive and Motivational Concepts of Personality Cognitive and Motivational Concepts Self-monitoringLocus of controlAuthoritarianism Achievement motivation Approval motivation

13. Cognitive Concepts Locus of control – Tendency to attribute the cause or control of events to either Oneself Factors in the external environment – Internals believe they can control what happens to them – Externals believe what happens to them is more a matter of luck or fate, rather than their own behavior

14. Cognitive Concepts Authoritarianism – Degree to which an individual believes in Conventional values Obedience to authority Legitimacy of power differences in society – People scoring high on authoritarianism may be effective leaders in jobs requiring managers to make most decisions and where there are many rules governing behavior

15. Cognitive Concepts Self-monitoring – Degree to which people attempt to present the image they think others want to see in the given situation – High-self monitors want to be seen as others want them to be – Low self monitors want to be seen as themselves, not as others want them to be

16. Motivational Concepts Approval motivation – Concerned about presenting one-self in a socially desirable way in evaluative situations – Persons high in approval motivation tend to Be concerned about the approval of others Conform and “get along” Respond to personality tests in socially desirable ways (may fake their answers according to perceived desirability)

17. Motivational Concepts Achievement motivation – The need for achievement (n-Ach) – Desire to perform in terms of a standard of excellence – Desire to succeed in competitive situations – Persons high in the need to achieve Set goals Accept responsibility for both success and failure Focus on task excellence rather than on power

18. General mental ability used in complex information processing Intelligence What is it? – Number aptitude – Verbal comprehension – Perceptual speed – Spatial visualization – Deductive reasoning – Inductive reasoning – Memory

19. Intelligence and Success Adapted from Exhibit 5-4: Intelligence and Success Nuclear weapons specialist77% Air crew operations specialist70% Weather specialist69% Intelligence specialist67% Fireman60% Dental assistant55% Security police54% Vehicle maintenance49% General maintenance28% JobEffects of Intelligence Military Jobs*Percentage of Success in Training Attributable to General Intelligence Exhibit 5-4Intelligence and Success

20. Adapted from Exhibit 5-4: Intelligence and Success Exhibit 5-4Intelligence and Success Sales.61 Technical assistant.54 Manager.53 Skilled trades and craft workers.46 Protective professions workers.42 Industrial workers.37 Vehicle operator.28 Sales clerk.27 Civilian Jobs**Degree to which General Intelligence Predicts Job Performance (0 to 1 scale) JobEffects of Intelligence

21. Attitudes Attitude – Persistent tendency to feel and behave in a favorable or unfavorable way toward a specific person, object, or idea Three important conclusions – Attitudes are reasonable stable – Attitudes are directed toward some person, object or idea – An attitude toward an object or person relates to one’s behavior toward that object or person

22. Influence of Attitudes on Behavior Other influences on behavior toward object, person, or idea (situational forces, motivation, and so on) Behavior toward object, person, or idea Attitude toward object, person, or idea Object, person, or idea Adapted from Exhibit 5-5: Influence of Attitudes on Behavior

23. Components of Attitudes Essential elements of an attitude – Cognitive Facts we have gathered and considered about the object, person, or idea – Affective Feelings one has about the object or person – Behavioral Intention to act in certain ways toward the object of the attitude

24. Formation of Attitudes Ways in which attitudes may be formed – Learning (experience and interaction with the object of the attitude) – Self-perceptions (observations of one’s own behavior) – Need for consistency(preference for one’s attitudes to be consistent with one another)

25. Formation of Consistent Attitudes Accounting Dan Dan’s new colleague + - - Formation of a consistent work attitude Exhibit 5-6 Formation of Consistent Attitudes

26. Important Workplace Attitudes Job satisfaction – High level of satisfaction is a positive attitude toward one’s job – Low level of satisfaction is a negative attitude toward one’s job Organizational commitment – Broad attitude toward the organization as a whole – How strongly one identifies with and values being associated with the organization

27. Attitudes and Workplace Outcomes Attitudes and Outcomes in the Workplace Highly positive effect on intentions to stay in the job Modest effect on actually staying in the ob Modestly positive effect on regular attendance at work Positive effect on performance (may also be positively affected by performance) Moderately strong relationship with motivation AttitudeWorkplace Outcomes Job Satisfaction Positive effects on intentions to stay in the job Modest effects on actually staying in the job and attending work regularly Significantly related to motivation Positive effects on job performance Organizational Commitment

28. Attitude Change Managers may change others’ attitudes by – Persuasive communication Communicator Message Situation Target – Cognitive dissonance Introducing inconsistency in attitudes held by others People prefer consistency in their own attitudes

29. Values Abstract ideals related to proper life goals and methods for reaching those goals More general than attitudes Not related to specific objects or situations Abstract ideals May underlie groups of attitudes

30. Ambition and hard work Open-mindedness Cheerfulness Competence Cleanliness and others Prosperity Stimulating, active life Achievement World peace Harmony in nature and art and others Types of Values End values (Personal goals one ought to have) Means values (Behaviors one ought to use)

31. Types of Personal Values Adapted from Exhibit 5-6 Formation of Consistent Attitudes Types of Personal Values Prosperity Stimulating, active life Achievement World peace Harmony in nature and art Equality Personal and family security Freedom Happiness End (Goal) ValuesMeans (Behavior) Values Ambition and hard work Open-mindedness Competence Cheerfulness Cleanliness Courageousness Forgiving nature Helpfulness Honesty Exhibit 5-7

32. Types of Personal Values Inner peace Mature love National security Pleasure and enjoyment Religion and salvation Self-respect Social respect Friendship Wisdom End (Goal) ValuesMeans (Behavior) Values Imagination Independence and self-reliance Intelligence Rationality Affection and love Obedience and respect Courtesy Responsibility Self-discipline Exhibit 5-7 Adapted from Exhibit 5-6 Formation of Consistent Attitudes