1. Chapter 16 Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development

2. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?
Adolescents imitate their peers’ clothing, speech, hairstyles, and ideals.
American adolescent males are more concerned about occupational choices than American adolescent females are.

3. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?
Adolescents are in a constant state of rebellion against their parents.
Most adolescents’ friends are “bad influences.”

4. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?
About 800,000 American teenagers become pregnant each year.
Only a minority of American adolescents engage in delinquent behavior.

5. Adolescence: Social and Emotional Development Truth or Fiction?
Suicide is the leading cause of death among American adolescents.
Adolescents reach adulthood at age 21.

6. Development of Identity and the Self-Concept
“Who Am I?”
(And Who Else?)

7. What Does Erikson Have to Say About the Development of Identity During Adolescence?
Identity versus Identity diffusion
Primary task: develop ego integrity
Psychological moratorium
Experimental period
Identity Crisis
Successful resolution is understanding who you are and what you stand for

8. What Are Marcia’s “Identity Statuses”?
Four statues based on two dimensions
Exploration – active questioning alternatives in search of goals
Commitment – stable investment in goals
Identity diffusion
Low exploration and commitment
Foreclosure
Low exploration; high commitment
Moratorium
High exploration; low commitment
Identity achievement
High exploration and commitment

9. Ethnicity and Development of Identity
Development of self-identity is more complex for ethnic minorities
Need to assimilate two sets of values – dominant and minority
Prejudice and discrimination
Scarcity of role models
Stages of ethnic identity development
Unexamined ethnic identity (foreclosed state)
Ethnic identity search (moratorium state)
Achieved ethnic identity

10. Gender Roles and Development of Identity
Erikson concluded
Career matters were more important to men
Relationships were more important to women
As a result men developed identity before intimacy while women developed intimacy before identity
Research contradicts this and suggests men and women are equally concerned about career
Women continue to integrate family and career plans

11. How Does Self-Concept Develop During Adolescence?
Self-descriptions
As children, focus on physical characteristics and actions
As adolescence, incorporate distinct and enduring personality traits
Self-descriptions become more differentiated
With formal-operational skills, able to integrate contradictory elements

12. What Happens to Self-Esteem During Adolescence?
In early adolescence, self-esteem declines
Disparity between ideal and real self
From age 13, self-esteem gradually improves
May adjust ideas about ideal self
May become less self-critical
Emotional support from family and peers is important
Initially, family support more important
By late adolescence, peer support more important

13. Developing in a World of Diversity
Ethnicity, Gender Roles,
and Self-Esteem

14. Relationships with Parents and Peers

15. How Do Relationships With One’s Parents and Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years?
Relationship with parents
Time spent with family decreases during adolescence
Boys tend to spend more time alone
Girls tend to spend more time with friends
More time spent with mother
More conflicts but also more support
Remaining close to family
More self-reliant and independence, higher self-esteem and better school performance
Conflicts are more frequent
Based on issues of control

16. How Do Relationships With One’s Parents and Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years?
Parenting Styles
Authoritative parenting
Teens show more competent behavior than other groups
More self-reliant, do better in school
Better mental health, lowest incidence of problems and misconduct

17. How Do Relationships With One’s Parents and Peers Change During the Course of the Teenage Years?
Relationship with peers
Role of peers increases throughout adolescence
Friendships
More friends than younger children
One of two “best friends”
Based on acceptance, intimate self-disclosure and mutual understanding
Typically same age, race, and sex
Friendship contributes to
Positive self-concept and psychological adjustment

18. Ethnicity, Sex and Adolescent Friendships
Children choose friends from their ethnic group
European American female teens report support from friends
African American, male and female, both report support from friends
Ethnic stressors may push minority teens to seek support
Intimacy and closeness more central to girls’ friendships
Adolescent girls report friendships as more important than boys do
Girls’ friendship networks are smaller and more exclusive
Girls tend to participate in unstructured activities
Boys engage in organized group activities

19. What Kind of Adolescent Peer Groups Are There?
Cliques
5 to 10 people who hang around together
Shared activities and confidences
Crowds
Larger groups who do not spend much time together
Defined by activity or attitude of group
Adolescent peer groups
Spend considerable time together
Function with little or no adult control
May include teens of other sex

20. When Do Romantic Relationships Develop?
Begin in early to middle adolescence
Sequence of dating
Putting oneself in situations with peers of other sex
Group activities that include peers of other sex
Group dating
Two-person dating
Dating in early adolescence
Casual and short-lived
Dating in later adolescence
More stable and committed

21. How Much Influence Do Peers Have On Each Other?
Peer pressure peaks during mid-adolescence
Peers provide standard for behaviors
Peers provide support
Adolescents are influenced by both parents and peers
Peer influence styles and taste
Parent influence moral principles and future goals

22. When? What? (How?) Who? Where? and Why? – Not to Mention, “Should I?”
Sexuality
When? What? (How?) Who? Where? and Why? – Not to Mention, “Should I?”

23. What Are Some Patterns of Sexual Behavior in Adolescence?
Masturbation
Most common sexual outlet for teens
Nearly universal among male teens, less among female teens
Sexual Orientation
Sexually attracted to, and interested in forming a relationship
with people of other sex – Heterosexual
with people of same sex – Homosexual
with people of either sex – Bisexual
One may engage in sexual activity outside of sexual orientation

24. Homosexual Sexual Orientation
Stages of sexual identity for gay and lesbians
Attraction to members of same sex
Self-labeling as gay or lesbian
Sexual contact with members of same sex
Disclosure of sexual orientation to others
Coming out
Accepting one’s homosexuality and declaring it to others
Depression and suicide - higher among gay youth

25. What Do We Know About the Origins of Gay and Lesbian Sexual Orientation
Learning theorists
Reinforcement and observational learning
Aware of sexual orientation before sexual contact experiences
Societal condemnation provide few positive effects
Genetic factors
Sibling and twin studies
Sex hormones
May effect developing embryo and fetus
Adults do not differ in levels of sex hormones (Gays – Heterosexuals)

26. Why Do Some Teenagers Initiate Sexual Activity at an Early Age, While Others Wait Until Later?
High school students
Since 90’s, gradual decline in %age engage in sexual intercourse
Males more likely than girls to be sexually active
Effects of puberty
Early onset puberty – earlier sexual activity
Parental influences
Close relationship with parents – less early sexual activity
Peer influences
Predictor of sexual activity
Sexual activity of best friend

27. Figure Percentage of Students in Grades 9 – 12 Who Report Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse. Despite a gradual decline in the incidence of sexual intercourse since the early 1990’s, the incidence of high school students who have engaged in sexual intercourse remains between 40% and 50%, with boys reporting a higher incidence than girls. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, and Child Trends Databank. “Less Sex, More Protection, Fewer Pregnancies.” (2004, March 7). The New York Times, p. N36.
Figure 16.1 Percentage of Students in Grades 9-12 Who Report Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse

28. Youth and Online Sexual Solicitation
A Closer Look
Youth and Online Sexual Solicitation

29. In This Cultural Setting, Why Do Teenage Girls Become Pregnant?
Receive little advice about sexuality
Failure to use contraception
Use pregnancy to achieve intimacy, demonstrate rebellion
Uneducated about reproduction and contraception
Half of pregnant teens will get an abortion
Most teen moms will be single moms

30. Figure Percentage of Sexually Active Students in Grades 9 – 12 Who Report Using a Condom the Last Time They Had Sexual Intercourse. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, and Child Trends Databank. “Less Sex, More Protection, Fewer Pregnancies.” (2004, March 7) The New York Times, p. N36
Figure 16.2 Percentage of Sexually Active Students in Grades 9-12 Who Report Using a Condom the Last Time They Had Sexual Intercourse

31. Figure Trends in Pregnancy and Birth Rates among Women Aged 15 – 19 in the United States and Other Developed Countries. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The Alan Guttmacher Institute, and Child Trends Databank. “Less Sex, More Protection, Fewer Pregnancies.” (2004, March 7). The New York Times, p. N36
Figure 16.3 Trends in Pregnancy and Birthrates Among Women, Age 15-19, in the United States and Other Developed Nations

32. What Are the Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy?
Consequences for pregnant teen
More likely to experience medical complications
Less likely to complete education
Lower salaries
Consequences for teen father
Lower grades in school than peers
Enter workforce at earlier age
Consequences for children of teen mom
Lower cognitive functions
More behavioral, emotional problems
More likely to become teen parent

33. Preventing Teenage Pregnancy
Sex education programs
Successful programs
Increase knowledge about sexuality
Delay onset of sexual activity

34. What Parents Want from Sex Education Courses
A Closer Look
What Parents Want from Sex Education Courses

35. Juvenile Delinquency

36. What Is Juvenile Delinquency?
Illegal activities committed by child or adolescent
Some activities are illegal only if committed by minors
Status offenses
Ethnicity
Factors for overrepresentation of African American youth in juvenile justice system
Racial bias
Economic factors

37. What Are the Sex Differences in Delinquent Behavior?
Boys more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors
Boys commit more crimes of violence
Girls commit more status offenses
More girls are likely to be arrested for being runaways
More runaways
Double standard

38. Who Is Most Likely to Engage in Delinquent Behavior?
Many risk factors and causality is not clear
Poor school performance
Delinquent friends, substance abuse
Early aggressive or hyperactive behaviors
Low verbal IQ, immature moral reasoning
Low self-esteem and impulsivity
Parents and/or siblings have been involved in antisocial behaviors
Prevention and Treatment
Focus on individual offender
Focus on systems
Early childhood intervention programs

39. When the Adolescent Has Everything to Lose
Suicide
When the Adolescent Has Everything to Lose

40. How Many Adolescents Commit Suicide? Why?
Among older teens – suicide is 3rd or 4th leading cause of death
Risk factors for suicide
Depression and hopelessness
Confusion about self, interpersonal problems
Impulsiveness, emotional instability
Stressful life events
Origins of suicide
Social problems
Less capable of solving problems
Genetics
Suicide and psychological problems runs in families

41. Ethnicity, Sex, and Suicide
Native Americans teens have highest suicide rate
African Americans least likely to attempt suicide
Sex
3 times more females attempt suicide
Best predictor - depression
4 times more males succeed
Best predictor – previous attempt

42. Warning Signs of Suicide
A Closer Look
Warning Signs of Suicide

43. Bridging Adolescence and the Life Beyond
Emerging Adulthood
Bridging Adolescence
and the Life Beyond

44. How Do We Define Adulthood?
Many different criterion for adulthood
Historically – marriage
Today – Independent from parents
Financial and residence

45. How Do We Define Emerging Adulthood?
Distinct period – straddles 18 through 25
Extended period for exploration
Appear in affluent societies
Erikson’s moratorium
Extended search for identity