1. anomic trap

2. a barrier that conformists face and accept that their fate is to work hard and achieve little

3. anomie

4. generalized state of normlessness

5. arousal theory

6. recognizes that some criminals have no conscience

7. behavior modification

8. the premise that all behavior is the result of learned responses to various stimuli

9. biological determinism

10. criminal behavior that is a result of being a genetic misfit or a biological throwback to earlier, primitive and more violent beings

11. corrections

12. refers to all government actions intended to manage adults who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses and juveniles who have been charged with or found guilty of a status offense

13. criminology

14. the scientific study of crime and criminals

15. cultural transmission thesis

16. explains the persistence of criminal and other deviant values in successive generations

17. deinstitutionalization

18. secure confinement abandoned as a punishment

19. deterrence

20. assumes that certain and severe punishment can discourage future crime

21. differential association theory

22. criminal values and behaviors are learned through social interactions

23. differential reinforcement

24. the operant-conditioning principle that people retain and repeat rewarded behavior and extinguish behavior that is punished

25. discriminative stimuli

26. motivating definitions that either cast criminal behavior in a positive light or neutralize the behavior

27. disproportionate minority confinement (DMC)

28. unequal representation of blacks and Hispanics

29. ego

30. that part of the mind influenced by parental training and the like

31. general deterrence

32. punishment of the individual to prevent others in society from committing the same or similar crimes

33. id

34. the unconscious source of primitive and hedonistic urges

35. imitation

36. involves modeling behavior observed in others

37. incapacitation

38. separating offenders from society to reduce the opportunity to commit crime

39. isolation

40. an old correctional philosophy that has served two purposes: punishment and isolation from society

41. lex talionis

42. the law of retribution or revenge

43. operant conditioning

44. rewarding mechanisms encourage some definitions, whereas punishers extinguish others

45. penal harm

46. the belief that punishment, particularly incarceration, should be uncomfortable

47. penologists

48. people who systematically study punishment

49. positivists

50. those who look for answers in measurable aspects of the human condition

51. psyche

52. the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious

53. psychological determinists

54. believe that defects of the mind cause all misbehavior, including crime

55. psychopaths

56. (sociopaths) commit crimes with no thought of conventional morality or of the consequences of their actions

57. radical nonintervention

58. that society and its agents of social control should overlook minor delinquent acts to avoid labeling youngsters

59. reality therapy (RT)

60. holds the offender accountable for his or her actions

61. rehabilitation

62. the belief that providing treatment such as psychological or educational assistance makes individuals less likely to engage in future crimes

63. reintegration

64. recognizes the fact that a high percentage of the people in prison (90%) eventually get out

65. restitution

66. requiring the offender to repay the victim or the community in money or through service

67. restoration

68. the most recent philosophy in the field of corrections., it is based on three key elements: accountability, community protection and competency development

69. retribution

70. the belief that punishment must avenge for a harm done to another

71. selective incapacitation

72. lies on the assumption that career criminals can be identified early in life as preteens or teenagers

73. social bond

74. the sum of the forces in a person’s social and physical environment that connect that person to society and its moral constituents

75. social control theory

76. belief that society provides what binds people together

77. social disorganization

78. social ecologists claim that deterioration of the community and extreme poverty explain the cause of criminal behavior

79. social learning theory

80. learning occurs through imitation and differential reinforcement

81. specific deterrence

82. the assumption that punishment dissuades the offender from repeating the same offense or committing a new one

83. subcultural hypothesis

84. thesis that crime largely emerges from delinquent or deviant subcultures

85. superego

86. that part of the mind that is concerned with moral values

87. therapeutic communities

88. residential programs in which offenders work together to change the attitudes and behavior of all group members