1. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Chapter 3 Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Realities, & Challenges Nelson & Quick, 5 th edition Personality, Perception, and Attribution

2. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved The person - The environment - Variables Influencing Individual Behavior Behavior

3. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Propositions of Interactional Psychology _____________ – function of a continuous, multi-directional interaction between person and situation _____________ – active in process –Changed by situations –Changes situations People vary in many ______________ Two ______________ ____________ –The objective situation –Person’s subjective view of the situation

4. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Definition of Personality Personality –

5. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Theories _____________ understand individuals by breaking down behavior patterns into observable traits ________________________ emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior ___________________ emphasizes individual growth and improvement ___________________ describes personality as a composite of an individual’s psychological processes

6. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Big Five Personality Traits SOURCES: P. T. Costa and R. R. McCrae, The NEO-PI Personality Inventory (Odessa, Fla.: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1992); J. F. Salgado, “The Five Factor Model of Personality and Job Performance in the European Community,” Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (1997): 30-43.

7. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved I control what happens to me! Personality Characteristics in Organizations Locus of Control People and circumstances control my fate!

8. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Characteristics in Organizations Self-Efficacy – Sources of self-efficacy

9. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Characteristics in Organizations Self-Esteem Feelings of Self Worth Success tends to increase self-esteem Failure tends to decrease self-esteem

10. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Characteristics in Organizations Self-Monitoring High self monitors –flexible: adjust behavior according to the situation and the behavior of others –can appear unpredictable & inconsistent Low self monitors –act from internal states rather than from situational cues –show consistency –less likely to respond to work group norms or supervisory feedback

11. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Who Is Most Likely to... Low self monitors High self monitors Get promoted Change employers Make a job-related geographic move Accomplish tasks, meet other’s expectations, seek out central positions in social networks Self-promote Demonstrate higher levels of managerial self-awareness; base behavior on other’s cues and the situation

12. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Characteristics in Organizations Positive Affect – Negative Affect –

13. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Personality Characteristics in Organizations A ______________ ________________ can overwhelm the effects of individual personalities by providing _______ ____ for appropriate behavior

14. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved ________ ____________ will __________ in a weak situation Personality Characteristics in Organizations

15. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Projective Test – Behavioral Measures – Four Measures of Personality

16. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Self-Report Questionnaire – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) – Four Measures of Personality

17. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Based on Carl Jung’s theories –

18. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Based on Carl Jung’s theories – – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

19. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Myers Briggs Type Indicator Briggs & Myers developed the MBTI to understand individual differences by analyzing the combinations of preferences

20. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved MBTI Preferences

21. MBTI Scales ISTJISFJINFJINTJ ISTPISFPINFPINTP ESTPESFPENFPENTP ESTJESFJENFJENTJ Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved SOURCE: Modified and reproduced by special permission of the Publisher. Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. Palo Alto, CA 94303 from Introduction to Type, Sixth Edition by Isabel Briggs Myers. Copyright 1998 by Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Further reproduction is prohibited without the Publisher’s written consent.

22. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Uses of MBTI

23. Social Perception Model Social Perception _____________________ Physical appearance Verbal communication Nonverbal cues Intentions __________________ Familiarity with target Attitudes/Mood Self-Concept Cognitive structure _______________________ Interaction context Strength of situational cues Barriers Selective perception Stereotyping First-impression error Projection Self-fulfilling prophecies Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved

24. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Impression Management Impression Management – –______________

25. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Attribution Theory Attribution Theory – Information cues for attribution information gathering –________________

26. Copyright ©2006 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved Attribution Biases Fundamental Attribution Error – Self-Serving Bias –