1. ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΙ ΠΟΡΟΙ: ΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΟ, ΔΙΑΘΕΣΙΜΟΤΗΤΑ ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΔΠΜΣ “ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ ” Β10. ΒIOMAZA (Βιοενέργεια) ΔΙΔΑΣΚΩΝ – ΣΥΝΕΡΓΑΤΕΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΟΣ * Εμμανουήλ Κούκιος, Καθηγητής, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Δημήτριος Κουλλάς, ΕΔΙΠ, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Λάζαρος Καραογλάνογλου, ΕΤΕΠ, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Ερευνητική Ομάδα ΒΙΟΤΟΠΟΣ (E-MAIL: tscope@chemeng.ntua.gr)

2. ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟΙ ΠΟΡΟΙ: ΔΥΝΑΜΙΚΟ, ΔΙΑΘΕΣΙΜΟΤΗΤΑ ΕΘΝΙΚΟ ΜΕΤΣΟΒΙΟ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΕΙΟ ΔΠΜΣ “ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΗ ΕΝΕΡΓΕΙΑΣ ” Β10. ΒIOMAZA (Βιοενέργεια) ΔΙΔΑΣΚΩΝ – ΣΥΝΕΡΓΑΤΕΣ ΜΑΘΗΜΑΤΟΣ * Εμμανουήλ Κούκιος, Καθηγητής, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Δημήτριος Κουλλάς, ΕΔΙΠ, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Λάζαρος Καραογλάνογλου, ΕΤΕΠ, Σχoλή Χημικών Μηχανικών ΕΜΠ * Ερευνητική Ομάδα ΒΙΟΤΟΠΟΣ (E-MAIL: tscope@chemeng.ntua.gr)

3. Total biofuel/bioenergy chain Biomass collection agro-forest residues Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues Biomass production for energy applications Transportation Pretreatment Bio-refining Biofuel /bioenergy production Co-products Local pretreatment Storage EtOH Biodiesel... BUILDING BIORESOURCE SUPPLY CHAINS

4. Total biofuel/bioenergy chain Biomass collection agro-forest residues Biomass collection agro-forest industry residues Biomass production for energy applications Transportation Pretreatment Bio-refining Biofuel /bioenergy production Co-products Local pretreatment Storage... BUILDING BIORESOURCE SUPPLY CHAINS Biomass potential assessment

5. BIOMASS POTENTIAL What is the expected benefit of this session?  Better understanding of the biomass assessment data which is available in the literature  Methodological tools to proceed with your own assessment for the needs of your project Methodology?  Theoretical background of potential assessment  A case study

6. BIOMASS POTENTIAL What is included in the definition of biomass?

7. BIOMASS POTENTIAL What is included in the definition of biomass? The EU Renewable Energy Directive gives a definition of 'biomass':Renewable Energy Directive 'the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste'. http://www.eu-bee.eu/

8. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Reliable knowledge of the biomass potentials for energy in Europe is essential basic information needed for both policy and industry to achieve the challenging European policy targets in the renewable energy sector. http://www.eu-bee.eu/ Potential users of biomass resource assessments:  Policy makers and authorities at different levels (local, national, EU, etc.)  Industrial investors,  Research organizations,  NGOs,  …

9. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Different user groups - and even different single users - have different requirements on the assessments, depending on the intended use of the results. Potential Different requirements:  biomass categories to be covered ?  time frame?  geographical coverage?  type of potential? ... http://www.eu-bee.eu/

10. Four types of biomass potentials are commonly distinguished: (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable?) Different assessments are comparable only if source data and methods are consistent. Describe the basic assumptions, limitations, and methods used, when you present your assessment BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

11. (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable) BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Theoretical potential: overall maximum amount of terrestrial biomass considered theoretically available for bioenergy production within fundamental bio-physical limits. Biomass from crops and forests: maximum productivity under theoretically optimal management taking into account limitations that result from soil, temperature, solar radiation and rainfall. Residues and waste: total amount that is produced. Units: usually expressed in joule primary energy, i.e. the energy contained in the raw, unprocessed biomass. Primary energy is converted into secondary energy, such as electricity, liquid and gaseous fuels. Types http://www.eu-bee.eu/

12. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Units: From weight data to primary energy content? http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk

13. (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable) BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Technical potential: Fraction of the theoretical potential which is available under the regarded techno-structural framework conditions with the current technological possibilities.  harvesting techniques,  infrastructure and accessibility,  processing techniques  … Units: Usually expressed in joule primary energy, but sometimes also in secondary energy carriers  spatial confinements due to other land uses (food, feed and fibre production)  ecological (e.g. nature reserves)  … (other non-technical constraints) http://www.eu-bee.eu/ Types

14. (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable) BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Economic potential: Share of the technical potential which meets criteria of economic profitability within the given framework conditions. Units: generally refers to secondary bioenergy carriers, although sometimes also primary bioenergy is considered. http://www.eu-bee.eu/ Types

15. (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable) BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT Implementation potential: Fraction of the economic potential that can be implemented within a certain time frame and under concrete socio-political framework conditions, including economic, institutional and social constraints and policy incentives. *** Some biomass types show high technical potentials while their economic potential is rather limited due to the high costs of extraction and transport.*** … http://www.eu-bee.eu/ Types

16. (i) theoretical potential, (ii) technical potential, (iii) economic potential and (iv) implementation potential (sustainable) BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT (v) Sustainable implementation potential: Not a potential on its own but rather the result of integrating environmental, economic and social sustainability criteria in biomass resource assessments http://www.eu-bee.eu/ Types

17. Αpproaches 1. Resource-focussed assessments 2. Demand-driven assessments 3. Integrated modelling assessments BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

18. Αpproaches 1.Resource-focussed assessments: investigate the bioenergy resource base and the competition between different uses of the resources. Focus: on the biomass energy supply side. 2. Demand-driven assessments 3. Integrated modelling assessments BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

19. Αpproaches 1.Resource-focussed assessments 2. Demand-driven assessments: analyse the competitiveness of biomass- based energy systems, in comparison to conventional fossil fuel based energy systems as well as other renewable energy systems and nuclear energy, or estimate the production and use of biomass required to meet exogenous targets on climate-neutral energy supply. Focus: on the biomass energy demand side. 3. Integrated modelling assessments BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

20. Αpproaches 1. Resource-focussed assessments 2. Demand-driven assessments 3. Integrated modelling assessments use integrated assessment models (IAMs), which are designed to assess policy options for climate change. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

21. Methodologies 1.Statistical analysis 2.Spatially explicit analysis 3.Cost-supply analysis. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

22. Methodologies 1.Statistical analysis  Least complicated  Assumptions:  yield per hectare, (expert judgment, field studies or a literature review,  fraction of land available for energy crops  fraction of forest biomass available for energy production,  use of land and biomass for other purposes  environmental or social barriers.  Potential of residues and waste calculated based on projections of the production of food and wood, multiplied by residue and waste generation coefficients and multiplied by a factor that account for the fact that many residues and wastes cannot be collected in practice. 2. Spatially explicit analysis 3. Cost-supply analysis. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

23. Methodologies 1.Statistical analysis 2.Spatially explicit analysis  More advanced resource-focussed assessments  Include spatially explicit data on the availability of land and forests in combination with calculations of the yields of energy crops and forests.  Yield calculations based on data from crop growth models that use spatially explicit data on climate, soil type and crop management.  Use of land for the production of food and other purposes has been taken into account.  Scenario analysis taking into account  agricultural policies,  technological development,  population growth,  income growth, …. 3. Cost-supply analysis. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

24. Methodologies 1.Statistical analysis 2.Spatially explicit analysis 3. Cost-supply analysis  Bottom up analysis of the potential, based on assumptions:  on the availability of land for energy crop production, including crop yields, or  assumptions on the availability of forestry and forestry residues  demand of land and biomass for other purposes and environmental and other (social, technical) limitations included (by scenario analysis)  Resulting bioenergy cost-supply curves vs other energy systems or policy alternatives,  Specific attention for policy incentives (e.g. tax exemptions, carbon credits, and mandatory blending targets). BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

25. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

26. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

27. BIOMASS POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT http://www.eu-bee.eu/

28. Bioresource Potential Estimation Case Study: Estimation of Biomass potential in EU for Bio-Hydrogen Production  Assessment of the theoretical potential  From the theoretical to the sustainable potential  Additional technical, economic, environmental and social boundaries  Competition by other sectors  The regional dimension

29. Major advantage: Potential for feasible and sustainable operation of relatively small units, up to 2ΜW (fed by 8000 dry tons of biomass/a) Water soluble monomeric and oligomeric carbohydrates IP “HYVOLUTION” Non-Thermal Production of Pure Hydrogen from Biomass

30. Assessment of the theoretical potential

31. Security of Supply_ Feedstock Potential Which is the actual raw material in fermentative hydrogen conversion technology? Questions to be asked while assessing the theoretical biomass potential for the specific technology: Water soluble carbohydrates (monomeric, …oligomeric sugars) Which are the main crops or industrial by products which can provide, directly or after pretreatment(s), such carbohydrates? - Major sugar, starch crops and their industrial by products - Easily hydrolysable lignocellulosics from farm or agro-industries

32. BIOLOGICAL H2 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY GENERAL FEEDSTOCK REQUIREMENTS DRY BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN EU LAND USE DATA QUALITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCKS COEFFICIENTS FOR MAIN/BY PRODUCTS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION EU AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION DATA EU AGRO-INDUSTRY PRODUCTION DATA COEFFICIENTS FOR MAIN/BY PRODUCTS OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION TOTAL H2 PRODUCTION POTENTIAL IN EU COEFFICIENTS FOR CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF POTENTIAL FEEDSTOCKS CARBOHYDRATE TO H2 CONVERSION EFFICIENCY ASSUMPTIONS FOR CHANGES IN LAND AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT USE “Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass

33. Assumptions Identification of relevant crops, based on the current land use data The adoption of “biorefining” approach for these crops in order to identify the relevant biomass sources (main product, crop residues at farm, agro-industrial residues). Quantitative statistical data collection for agricultural and agro-industrial production for regions, countries and EU27. Assumptions for future land use (1/3 of fallow land to be utilized for energy crop production), agricultural production (10% of the current agricultural production to be utilized for Hydrogen production whenever this is technically feasible), for residue availability (100%) and bm2bh conversion efficiency (100 kg Hydrogen for every ton of Carbohydrate). Miscanthus (for Central and North EU27) and sweet sorghum (for South EU27) as potential future energy crops. The relative potential calculations were based on the available yield, carbohydrate and moisture content data for these two crops. Carbohydrate content of the potential feedstocks based on either experimental data or literature. Development of matrices where all the above are presented in a user friendly way “Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass

34. Potential Feedstocks for Hydrogen Production “Mapping the Landscape” of potential 15 crop main product and 29 farm or industrial level by-products and residues were considered as potential feedstocks

35. “Mapping the Landscape” of potential

36. Annual Biomass Production for EU-27 Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A)

37. Total Hydrogen Generation Potential in EU-27 Security of Supply_ Feedstock (A)

38. Country Contribution in Total Hydrogen Production Potential in EU-27 “Mapping the Landscape” of potential for EU biomass

39. From the theoretical to the sustainable potential  Additional technical, economic, environmental and social boundaries considering the local and regional dimension  Competition by other sectors

40. TOTAL BIOLOGICAL H2 GENERATION POTENTIAL IN EU TECHNICAL FEASIBILTY OTHER NON FOOD PRODUCTS OTHER ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY TOTAL SUSTAINABLE BIOLOGIAL H2 GENERATION POTENTIAL IN EU ECONOMIC FEASIBILTY SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY FOOD vs. FUEL TOTAL BIOMASS POTENTIAL IN EU A adcb B B = A*a*b*c*d a,b,c,d<1 Potential Estimation: From Total to Sustainable

41. Security of Supply_ Feedstock Potential How to decide which potential feedstock is promising for our application? Questions to be asked while assessing the sustainable potential for the specific technology: -Technical suitability -Economic feasibility -Environmental and social sustainability How to quantify these aspects?

42. COST SUSTAINABILITYTECHNICAL SUITABILITY FEEDSTOCK SELECTION

43. Biomass Technical Suitability Index (BTSI)

45. Biomass Cost Index (BCI)

47. Biomass Sustainability Index (BSI) BSI ={ [BSI-A] +[BSI-B] +[BSI-C] }/3

48. Biomass Sustainability Index (BSI)

49. Comparative Assessment and Selection of Feedstock

50. Alternative Biomass-to-Hydrogen Pathways High Carb – Low DM: Biomass -> BioH2 (HYVOLUTION) High Carb – High DM: Biomass -> Bioethanol -> Reforming -> H2 Low Carb – Low DM: Biomass -> Biogas -> Reforming -> H2 Low Carb – High DM: Biomass -> Thermo- chemical Gasification -> H2

51. The regional dimension

52. Stakeholders and policy aspects

53. Types of EU regions for BioH2 plants –Rural (field residues, energy crops, wastes) –Agro-Industrial (wet residues, energy crops) –Integrated (linked to a source or energy crop) –Mixed (combinations of the above) Types of biomass-to BioH2 systems –One feedstock, e.g., potato wastes –More feedstocks of the same type, e.g., starchy –Multi-feedstock, of various types Concluding Remarks 1/2

54. Utilising less than 10% of the EU27 potential will be enough to satisfy the targets In the short term, the use of food crops for non-food purposes does not seem necessary On the other hand, utilising wet residues and agro-food industrial wastes is an immediate option Sugar-rich energy crops - e.g., sweet sorghum or “energy” beet - will play a major role in the medium-to-long run More than 50% of the potential is linked to cereal crops, esp. straws, i.e., another strategic option for the EU A key finding is that the potential can support the operation of small BioH2 plants (1 dry t/h) with ALL types of biomass feedstocks assessed (local/regional/… applications) Concluding Remarks 2/2

55. Enough biomass production in EU27 without the need for major land use change System complexity should be considered and dealt when designing biomass-to-biofuel supply chains Try to figure out the type of the potential assessment before using any available one Be careful with the reference units of the assessments either when you use available studies, or you process primary data Try to adapt the available data to your specific application type Be aware of the multiple type of uncertainties both due to the quality of data and the yearly fluctuations of the produced biomass What to take home with you…!

56. REFERENCES  Part of the presented work was carried out within the framework of EU FP6 IP Project “Hyvolution”.  http://www.eu-bee.eu/http://www.eu-bee.eu/  http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.ukhttp://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk