1. 4. Reasons for migration Why do people migrate? People move because of the gnawing feeling that no matter how hard they work their efforts will yield nothing. Because of the impression that THEY might do all right but not their children. Because of the feeling that nothing will change, that happiness and prosperity are possible only somewhere else LIFE OF PI

2. What is “The American Dream”? Set of ideals: Set of ideals: Looking for a better life Looking for a better life Freedom Freedom Social mobility Social mobility Opportunity for everybody, regardless of circumstance of birth Opportunity for everybody, regardless of circumstance of birth

3. 4.1 Main Reasons for migration To reunite migrants’ families (TXT pg. 82) To reunite migrants’ families (TXT pg. 82) To improve migrants’ economic situation. To improve migrants’ economic situation. “For developing countries, the departure of a segment of the population is a solution to overpopulation and unemployment. (TXT pg. 84 ) Since there is no employment insurance, people without work have no income and consume little, which causes a decline in the already weak national production. To escape this vicious cycle, many choose to leave their country and seek better living conditions abroad” (TXT pg. 84 )

4. 4.2 Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) Regulates flow of population in and out of the country. Regulates flow of population in and out of the country. Can grant or status Can grant Landed Immigrant or Refugee status

5. 4.3 Criteria to obtain refugee status Threat to personal safety Example: Colombian citizens threatened by guerrilla groups and drug cartels http://www.worldcrunch.com/world- affairs/down-but-not-out-why-colombia-s- farc-guerillas-just-won-t-go- away/c1s4727/#.UmVPu1Ms-So

6. 4.3 Criteria to obtain refugee status Ethnic or religious persecution Example: Genocide in Darfur

7. 4.3 Criteria to obtain refugee status Natural disaster Example: Earthquake in Haiti, 2010

8. Let’s read: WorkBook: pg 62: 1.4.1 WorkBook: pg 62: 1.4.1 & answer: WorkBook: pg 64: question 1: a, b, c. WorkBook: pg 64: question 1: a, b, c. 10 MINUTES

9. 5. Immigration policy & undocumented immigration 5.1: 5.1: Applying for immigration Admissibility Admissibility Point system Point system http://www.cic.gc.ca/ctc-vac/cometocanada.asp

10. 5.2 Promoting immigration Embassies abroad Embassies abroad Sponsorship by other community organizations: Sponsorship by other community organizations: Example: Jewish Federation of Winnipeg Example: Jewish Federation of Winnipeg http://www.jewishwinnipeg.org/page.aspx?id=259635 http://www.jewishwinnipeg.org/page.aspx?id=259635

11. 5.3: Services to help immigrants to integrate Cheap or free. Cheap or free language courses. Help finding housing. Help finding housing. integration services. Employment integration services.

12. 5.3: Factors that contribute to illegal immigration Socioeconomic context in countries of origin Socioeconomic context in countries of origin Example: Terrorism in Colombia

13. 5.3: Factors that contribute to illegal immigration Socioeconomic context in countries of origin Socioeconomic context in countries of origin Example: Civil War and child abuse in El Salvador

14. 5.3: Factors that contribute to illegal immigration Proximity of developed countries Proximity of developed countries Example: U.S-Mexico border

15. 5.3: Factors that contribute to illegal immigration Proximity of developed countries Proximity of developed countries Example: North Africa and Europe

16. 5.4: Networks of illegal immigration Human trafficking Human trafficking Huge profits Huge profits Forced labour Forced labour WORK BOOK: Pg. 67

17. Answer individually: “Health care and other rights like labour protection laws should apply to all immigrants, whether legal or not”. “Health care and other rights like labour protection laws should apply to all immigrants, whether legal or not”. State your position and back it up with valid points.

18. 6: Immigrant workers and employment policies

19. 6.1: Reasons why countries try to attract immigrant workers: Population aging (TXT pg 78) Population aging (TXT pg 78) Labour shortages in economic sectors (WK pg 80) Labour shortages in economic sectors (WK pg 80)

20. Labour shortages in economic sectors Example: Bracero Program: 1942 – 1964 Example: Bracero Program: 1942 – 1964 Begun in 1942 as a temporary war measure to address labor needs in agriculture and the railroads. Begun in 1942 as a temporary war measure to address labor needs in agriculture and the railroads. The bracero program eventually became the largest guest worker program in U.S. history. The bracero program eventually became the largest guest worker program in U.S. history.

21. Example: Persian Gulf Example: Persian Gulf Labour shortages in economic sectors TODAY: Region with largest percentage of migrants. Booming oil industries require vast number of workers (TXT pg 75)

22. 6.2 Benefits and difficulties faced by immigrants Language barriers. Language barriers. Unfamiliar with employment criteria. Unfamiliar with employment criteria. Social integration. Social integration. Social mobility. Social mobility.

23. 6.3: Difficulties in finding employment (Textbook pg. 88) Lack of recognition of diplomas by professional corporations. Lack of recognition of diplomas by professional corporations. Training that does not correspond to the standards of the host country Training that does not correspond to the standards of the host country

24. Let’s look at Work Book pg 80 What do you observe? What do you observe? (Bottom of the page)

25. 6.4: State measures to help immigrants obtain employment (WK pg 86) Positive discrimination policies Positive discrimination policies Relaxed rules for recognizing qualifications Relaxed rules for recognizing qualifications Grants to firms that hire immigrant workers Grants to firms that hire immigrant workers Something to think about: What are pros and cons of these measures?

26. Work Book: pg 84 Question 10) a, b, c.

27. 7: Parallel economies INTRO: INTRO: NATIONAL FILM BOARD: El Contrato About temporary migrant workers coming to Canada to work in tomato harvest.

28. 7.1: Reasons why employers may use undocumented workers Not following employment rules: e.g lower wages, more working hours etc. Not following employment rules: e.g lower wages, more working hours etc. in employment benefits, social security. Saving money in employment benefits, social security.

29. 7.2: Working conditions of immigrant workers No job security. No job security. No social safety net. No social safety net. Labour standards not respected by employers. Labour standards not respected by employers. Fear of deportation. Fear of deportation.

30. Immigrant Workers’ Centre Educate about workers’ rights. Educate about workers’ rights. Improve living and working conditions for immigrant workers. Improve living and working conditions for immigrant workers. Defend workers in cases of employment harassment and abuse. Defend workers in cases of employment harassment and abuse. Campaign for improved working conditions. Campaign for improved working conditions. Raise public awareness. Raise public awareness. http://iwc-cti.ca/information/about-us/

31. 7.3: Economic consequences of undocumented labour Fewer proper jobs available in the job market. Fewer proper jobs available in the job market. Loss of government revenues. Loss of government revenues.

32. 7.4: Outsourcing & Brain Drain (Work book: pg 78) The transfer of activities, capital and jobs to countries whose production cost is lower than that of the country of origin. The transfer of activities, capital and jobs to countries whose production cost is lower than that of the country of origin. The permanent and wide-scale emigration of a country’s skilled workers The permanent and wide-scale emigration of a country’s skilled workers