2. Engineering the Internet Kelly M. Shepard Carnegie School, CPS IIT Research Mentor: Dr. Tricha Anjali

3. Technology What does the word “technology” mean? What does the word “technology” mean? Write a sentence or 2 that defines the word “technology”. Write a sentence or 2 that defines the word “technology”. Draw an example of a kind of technology. Draw an example of a kind of technology. Draw an object that is not an example of technology. Draw an object that is not an example of technology. Complete the “What is Technology?” worksheet. Complete the “What is Technology?” worksheet.

4. Engineering Draw an engineer and write a caption for your drawing. Draw an engineer and write a caption for your drawing. Think of as many types of engineers as you can and write a list. Think of as many types of engineers as you can and write a list. Discuss the engineering “Options” handout. Discuss the engineering “Options” handout. What do engineers have in common? What do engineers have in common? Complete the “What is an Engineer?” worksheet. Complete the “What is an Engineer?” worksheet. Which type of engineer appeals to you? Why? Which type of engineer appeals to you? Why?

5. Engineers At Work These Discovery Channel videos show engineers at work. These Discovery Channel videos show engineers at work. Elevator Technology (2 mins, 35 secs) Elevator Technology (2 mins, 35 secs) Elevator Technology Elevator Technology Built to Sway (2 mins, 55 secs) Built to Sway (2 mins, 55 secs) Built to Sway Built to Sway

6. Surf The Web Distribute index cards to most students, leaving 3 or 4 students without cards. Distribute index cards to most students, leaving 3 or 4 students without cards. These 3 or 4 students will represent websites (dictionary.com, wikipedia, etc.) and will be given a list or words and meanings. These 3 or 4 students will represent websites (dictionary.com, wikipedia, etc.) and will be given a list or words and meanings. Students will walk around to find their card’s match. Students will walk around to find their card’s match. If a student needs to access a website for information, they may only ask “yes” or “no” questions. If a student needs to access a website for information, they may only ask “yes” or “no” questions. Students cannot ask websites “Are we correctly paired?” but are encouraged to ask probing questions that support the formulation of accurate conclusions through reasoning. Students cannot ask websites “Are we correctly paired?” but are encouraged to ask probing questions that support the formulation of accurate conclusions through reasoning.

7. World Wide Web Students will function as parts of the Internet. Students will function as parts of the Internet. PCs will be given question cards. Protocol is to send information to and receive information from the front. PCs will be given question cards. Protocol is to send information to and receive information from the front. Links pass information between nodes. Protocol is to send information to and receive information from the components in front or behind. Links pass information between nodes. Protocol is to send information to and receive information from the components in front or behind. Routers (S) direct information toward links. Protocol is to receive information from all directions and “stack” cards. Routers (S) direct information toward links. Protocol is to receive information from all directions and “stack” cards. Routers (Q) direct information toward links. Protocol is to service links on their left and right, and “queue” cards. Routers (Q) direct information toward links. Protocol is to service links on their left and right, and “queue” cards. Websites hold answer cards and pass them clipped to their correct questions. (History.com-left, Vocabulary.com-right, Engineers.com-front, Ethics.com- back) Websites hold answer cards and pass them clipped to their correct questions. (History.com-left, Vocabulary.com-right, Engineers.com-front, Ethics.com- back)

8. Electromagnets What is an electromagnet? What is an electromagnet? A temporary magnetic field that occurs around an object when an electric current flows through that object. What is a magnet? What is a magnet? A conductor that attracts objects made of steel or iron. Magnets have 2 poles (north and south) and store permanent magnetic fields. Work with a partner to construct an electromagnet with the materialsconstruct an electromagnet you’ve been given. Which independent variables can you manipulate? How will your independent variables effect your dependent variable? Test your magnet by picking up paper clips. How many paper clips can you pick up? SAFETY FIRST!SAFETY FIRST! Can you make an electromagnet? Can you make an electromagnet?

9. Electromagnets Explained An electromagnet starts with a battery and a wire. The battery produces electrons that flow through the wire. An electromagnet starts with a battery and a wire. The battery produces electrons that flow through the wire.battery Batteries have two terminals: positive (marked “+”) and negative (marked “–”). Electrons collect at the negative terminal of the battery and flow to the positive terminal through a wire. Batteries have two terminals: positive (marked “+”) and negative (marked “–”). Electrons collect at the negative terminal of the battery and flow to the positive terminal through a wire. If you attach a wire directly between the positive and negative terminals of a battery the electrons will flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal as fast as they can and the battery will drain in minutes. For that reason, it’s not a good idea to connect the two terminals of a battery to one directly. Usually, some kind of load (motor, bulb, etc.) is connected in the middle of the wire so the electrons can be used. If you attach a wire directly between the positive and negative terminals of a battery the electrons will flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal as fast as they can and the battery will drain in minutes. For that reason, it’s not a good idea to connect the two terminals of a battery to one directly. Usually, some kind of load (motor, bulb, etc.) is connected in the middle of the wire so the electrons can be used. A small magnetic field is generated in the wire when it is attached to a battery. It is this small magnetic field that is the basis of an electromagnet. A small magnetic field is generated in the wire when it is attached to a battery. It is this small magnetic field that is the basis of an electromagnet. Source: http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet2.htm

10. Ethics Morally permissible behaviors that each member of a group wants everyone, including themselves, to follow. Morally permissible behaviors that each member of a group wants everyone, including themselves, to follow. Discuss “A Format for Ethical Decision Making”. Discuss “A Format for Ethical Decision Making”. Discuss ethical issues surrounding the development and use of the Internet. Discuss ethical issues surrounding the development and use of the Internet.

11. Internet History 1959: In response to the U.S.S.R. launch of Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite, the U.S. forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish a U.S. lead in science and technology applicable to the military. 1959: In response to the U.S.S.R. launch of Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite, the U.S. forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish a U.S. lead in science and technology applicable to the military. 1966: Larry Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers“ was the first ARPAnet plan. 1966: Larry Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers“ was the first ARPAnet plan. 1968: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) mails out 140 Requests for Proposals to prospective contractors to build the first 4 Interface Messaging Processors. 1968: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) mails out 140 Requests for Proposals to prospective contractors to build the first 4 Interface Messaging Processors.Interface Messaging Processors.Interface Messaging Processors.

12. Internet History 1969 Designed for research, education, and government organizations, ARPAnet provides a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems. Designed for research, education, and government organizations, ARPAnet provides a communications network linking the country in the event that a military attack destroys conventional communications systems. First ARPAnet nodes were UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UCSB, and University of Utah. First ARPAnet nodes were UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UCSB, and University of Utah. First node-to-node message sent between UCLA and SRI. First node-to-node message sent between UCLA and SRI. First ARPAnet crash. First ARPAnet crash.

13. Internet History 1969: ARPA goes online in December, connecting four major U.S. universities. 1969: ARPA goes online in December, connecting four major U.S. universities. #1 UCLA #3 UCSB #2 SRI #4 U of Utah Sources: http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/arpanet.html http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0193167.html http://www.pbs.org/opb/nerds2.0.1/timeline/70s.html

14. Internet History 1972: Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass., computer scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish between the sender's name and network name in the email address. 1972: Electronic mail is introduced by Ray Tomlinson, a Cambridge, Mass., computer scientist. He uses the @ to distinguish between the sender's name and network name in the email address. 1973: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is designed and in 1983 it becomes the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet. 1973: Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is designed and in 1983 it becomes the standard for communicating between computers over the Internet.Transmission Control ProtocolInternet ProtocolTransmission Control ProtocolInternet Protocol 1982: The word “Internet” is used for the first time. 1982: The word “Internet” is used for the first time.

15. Internet History 1989: The World (world.std.com) debuts as the first provider of dial-up Internet access for consumers. Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) develops a new technique for distributing information on the Internet. He calls it the World Wide Web. 1989: The World (world.std.com) debuts as the first provider of dial-up Internet access for consumers. Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (European Laboratory for Particle Physics) develops a new technique for distributing information on the Internet. He calls it the World Wide Web. 1991: Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at the University of Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopher becomes the most popular interface for several years. 1991: Gopher, which provides point-and-click navigation, is created at the University of Minnesota and named after the school mascot. Gopher becomes the most popular interface for several years.

16. Internet History 1998: Google opens its first office, in California. 1998: Google opens its first office, in California. 2001: Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. Wikipedia is created. 2001: Napster is dealt a potentially fatal blow when the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco rules that the company is violating copyright laws and orders it to stop distributing copyrighted music. Wikipedia is created. 2003: Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each. Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server- clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. 2003: Apple Computer introduces Apple iTunes Music Store, which allows people to download songs for 99 cents each. Spam, unsolicited email, becomes a server- clogging menace. It accounts for about half of all emails. 2005: YouTube.com is launched. 2005: YouTube.com is launched.