1. Emotional & Social Development in Middle Childhood  Dennis Karpowitz Child Psychology

2. Erikson - Industry vs. Inferiority  Freud’s latency stage  Competence or  Inferiority

3. Self-Development  Changes in Self-Concept  Cognitive, Social & Cultural Influences  Development of Self-Esteem Hierarchical structure Level Changes.

4. Influences on Self-Esteem  High Self-Esteem linked to Being better liked by peers Improved school achievement  Culture Social Comparison unhelpful  Child-Rearing Practices Authoritative best Coercive (authoritarian) worst Indulgent (permissive) – underachievers Neglectful – antisocial, fearful, predelinquent.

5. Achievement-Related Attributions  Luck  Ability  Effort  Mastery-Oriented Success = high ability Failure = insufficient effort  Learned Helplessness Ability fixed Give up when tasks are difficult.

6. Influences on Learned Helplessness  Unusually high parental standards (-)‏  Girls blame failure on their inability (-)‏  Low-income & minorities vulnerable (-)‏  Mastery & cooperation not ability & competition (+)‏

7. Support for + Self-Esteem  Overcome failure by more effort  Master tasks rather than focus on grades  Metacognition and self-regulation stressed  Minimize comparisons among children.

8. Emotional Development  Self-Conscious Emotions  Emotional Understanding  Emotional Self-regulation

9. Understanding Others  Perspective taking  Selman’s Stages of Perspective Taking Limited ideas of others thoughts & feelings People interpret events differently Step into another’s shoes Examine two perspectives simultaneously

10. Moral Development - Justice  Distributive Justice Fairness based on equality Fairness based on merit Benevolence for the disadvantaged  Link between moral rules & social conventions  Culture effects ability to separate moral rules from social conventions.

11. Peer Relations  Peers become more important  Physical Aggression declines in middle childhood  Insiders vs. Outsiders Verbal insults among boys Ostracism among girls.

12. Peer Group Development  Shared values  Leaders and followers  Peer culture Vocabulary similar Dress and music similar Place to “hang out”  Loyalty.

13. Friendships  Mutually agreed on relationships based on personal qualities  Trust critical  Same age, sex, ethnicity & SES  Stability over middle childhood.

14. Peer Acceptance – Sociometric Groupings  Popular Children  Rejected Children  Controversial Children  Neglected Children  2/3 - one of the above  1/3 - Average, none of the above.

15. Determinants of Peer Acceptance  Accepted: Sensitive, friendly, cooperative  Rejected Aggressive Children: Conflict, hostility & ADHD  Rejected Withdrawn Children: Passive, awkward & submissive  Controversial Children: Hostile, disruptive, positive & pro-social  Neglected Children: Shy but not unskilled.

16. Bullying  10% are victims Give up objects, show distress fail to retaliate Extreme aggressiveness, arguing, picking fights  Changing victimization Change negative opinions of self Respond in non-reinforcing ways Learn self-defense skills.

17. Gender Typing  Sex linked traits identified Girls - reading, art, music Boys - math, athletics, mechanical skills General tolerance, but male violations more negative

18. Gender Identity  Boys strengthen masculine identity  Girls weaken feminine identity Girls add “other-gender” characteristics Do Girls sense more prestige in masculine role?  Cultures and Subcultures w/ large gender gaps: Girls are less likely to add “other-gender” characteristics.

19. Family Influences  Parent-Child Relationships Time at home declines Reasoning becomes an effective parenting tool Coregulation: Parents provide general oversight Children make moment to moment decisions Children recognize they are not ready for the independence of adolescence

20. Siblings  Provide emotional support for each other  Same sex and close in age increases: Parental comparisons Sibling rivalry  Firstborns receive greater parental pressure  Laterborns tend to be more social & popular  Only children: high self-esteem & achievement motivation.

21. Divorce  US divorce rate highest in the world (38% first-time)‏  Average 5 years in a single parent home  3/4 of divorced parents marry a 2 nd time  1/2 of 2 nd marriages fail.

22. Divorce: Immediate Effects  Painful for most  Mother headed households, low income  Only ¼ mothers get full child support  Move to lower quality housing & schools  Carnival father behavior is problematic  Many children blame themselves for divorce  High conflict divorce >> Maladjusted kids  Boys act out, girls internalize.

23. Divorce: Long-Term Effects  Most children make an adequate adjustment  1/3 have significant long-term problems Especially in high conflict divorces When children had problems before When parenting deteriorates  Declines in school achievement common  Greater problems later in adolescence  High conflict worse than divorce.

24. Divorce Helps  Divorce mediation  Divorce counseling  Counseling for adults  Counseling for children – group Rx helpful  Continued Involvement of both parents  Greater financial resources  More education.

25. Blended Families  Very common  Additional stresses from previous marriages  It takes time  It’s never the same.

26. Maternal Employment Dual Employment  Effects 80% of U.S. Children  Time and energy overload  Type & nature of employment important  Desire (to work or be at home) important  Equality in marriage relationship important  Redistribution of household tasks necessary  Quality of child care important.

27. Child Abuse: Types  Physical Abuse  Sexual Abuse  Emotional Abuse  Physical and Sexual Neglect  Patterns are important  Environmental circumstances play a role.

28. Child Abuse: Signs

29. Child Abuse: Reporting  Who must report?  Who should report?  Increases in reporting does not increase false positives  Report SUSPECTED child abuse.

30. Child Abuse: Treatment  For the child  For the abuser  For the spouse  For the family..