1. Claire Gavray, University of Liege Binge Drinking

2. 1.Brief discussion about the concept of binge drinking and its measurement in research 2. Presentation of some results related to binge drinking (ISRD3 Belgium)

3. Binge drinking remains a confused concept and its use can have different meanings depending on the contexts.

4. General Definition of Binge Drinking ‘Drinking lots of alcohol in a short space of time, (Or) to get drunk or feel the effects of alcohol’ Drinking Lots : Generally = at least 5 glasses or units (gender neutral measure) but sometimes = 4 for women and 5 for men - IREB Institute of Scientific Research on drunks (France)  argument : physical effects/reactions are different between gender groups Note that no distinction related to age: similar effects in each age group? Friday 28 August 2015 THE TELEGRAPH The World Health Organisation defines binge drinking as six units of alcohol, which is the equivalent of two 175ml glasses of wine.

5. In a short space of time ? ISRD-3 Over the last 30 days: how many times have you had FIVE or MORE drinks in one occasion (a ‘drink’ is a can, a glass or 0.33 bottle of beer, a glass of wine or 2cl glass of spirits) ? * one occasion Main definition in English or in French: An event or happening or an important social gathering (birthday, wedding) A favorable or appropriate time or juncture / opportunity.opportunity different from ‘ in a short space of time’ / ‘as soon as possible’ / at a stretch

6. (OR)to get drunk or feel the effects of alcohol’ No criteria of desired effect in the ISRD question Only some measures of self-control, impulsivity > ‘light’ measure ? But opportunity to compare between countries

7. ! difficulty to compare on a same age-group, over time or between countries or regions France ESPAD age 16 Drunk at least 3 times over the last month: less than 10% in France but more than 20% in Danemark France ESCAPAD > age: around age 17 +- 10% of youth of this age get drunk regularly Over the last month, 46 % of the youth drank at least 5 glasses of alcool in one occasion (56% of boys and 36% of girls) HBSC Belgium, Wallonia : at age 17: 55% of young people have already experienced binge drinking at least twice over one month period. 2003 Tucker, Orlando et al. Age 13-23 – 6 consecutive surveys > typology : non bingers (32%), moderate-stables(16%) and steady-increasers (16%)

8. Elements/factors linked to binge drinking in scientific literature (some described as only true/valid for boys or girls) Desire to be considered as a man (for boys) Depression, angst (for girls) Tension reduction Attraction for danger Failing or difficulties at school or in relationships Scare of the future Desire to imitate friends or distinguised oneself from peers Frienship or pressure from peers Desire to imitate adults Socio economic conditions History of drinking in the family Confrontation to parents’ separation Maltreatment, permissive attitudes (at home and in school) Other substance use Drinking culture of the country or regionlow efficacy-low conventionality/moral values, high level of externalizing behavior (for boys): antisociability, impulsive ou violent behaviors Market sureroundings Risk of have an accident, of getting injured with serious physical complications (coma, heart and breathing conditions)

9. What can we see in our belgian sample ? school grade 7-8-9-10 n= 1760 about % of pupils concerned by binge drinking ? >There is a gap before age 14 (not yet experiencing binge drinking) and after 17 (no ‘standard’ student in those grades : no more so concerned by binge drinking) > To work on a more homogeneous group > restriction of the sample to 14-17 n = 936 (22 na for the question concerning bingdrinking)

10. freq. binge drinking sign.linked to age not to gender group > nothing to add ? /last month 14 y15 y16 y17 y never73%64%54%46% once10%12%10%7 % more17%24%36%47% /last month girlsboys never66%64% once12%10% more22%26%

11. links between ‘binge drinking at least once over the last month’ and potential significant variables/ litterature -P significant when <0.05 – more concerned on the total group (G + B) : Increase of serious accident - no link with victimization drug consumption over the last month A larger number of deviant behaviours over the last year: grafiti, vandalism, burglary and shoplifting, theft (general and of/in vehicule), extorsion, wearing a ‘weapon’, assault, group fighting Saying having done something illegal for fun Having frightened people for the fun Meeting friends who have already done illegal things Being Belgian or of Belgian origin / foreign Receiving few emotional support from parents - no effect on economic welfare of the family Hanging out in parks, streets… Not much studying or working for school, having repeated grades, truancy during the last year wishing to leave school relatively early to enter the labour market ! but no effect of the school section (general, technical, vocational) - No effect of school achievment – * Doubting oneself! But no effect of feeling bad, having dark thoughts or not feeling loved. Living with no parent! Effect of the problematic alcohol consumption of parent(s) - but no effect of divorce

12. Having a regular group of affiliation Spending most of the free time with a large group of friends Taking very few meals in family Going out often during the night Recent contact with the police Imagining extort a friend on the value of something Less attached to religion Subscales of low selfcontrol + Self centeredness /implusivity + Risk taking

13.  Regression analyses (selection forward) with those variables – looking at the total sample and by gender group – dependant variable = ‘ at least one experience of binge drinking over the last month’ our questions : -Which part is explained by the model in each (sub)sample ? -Which are the significant variables in each case ( p < 0.05) - other characteristics remaining equal-?

14. / B+G expl.38F valuePr> F Going out often during the night 64.31<0.0001 Having downloaded illegally 36.68<0.0001 Parents supervision general level 26.91<0.0001 Belgian/foreign origin24.21<0.0001 Having done shoplifting16.61<0.0001 Risk taking (low sc)10.540.0012 Upper age12.220.0005 Most free time with a large group of friends 6.790.0094 Having stolen / borrowed without permission a bike 5.180.0233 Having friends doing illegal things 6.470.0113

15. / B.53 explF valuePr> F Drug consumption44.41<0.0001 Going out often during the night 22.83<0.0001 Belgian/foreign origin25.59<0.0001 Taking risks ( low control)17.80<0.0001 Upper age13.780.0003 Having downloaded illegally 9.580.0022 Low passive parents’ control What I am doing when I go out 6.430.0019 shoplifting4.320.389 Having stolen / borrowed… a bike 5.870.0162 Frequently frightening people for fun 4.420.0369 Ever extortion LY5.530.0196

16. / G.40 explF valuePr> F having friends doing illegal thinks 32.94<0.0001 low active parents supervision ‘ask me/tell me/check’ (not only know) 17.52<0.0001 Going out often during the night 17.11<0.0001 Religion less important10.740.0012 Ever Downloaded ly8.380.0122 Ever been Frightening people for fun 5.060.0254 More when she wants to quit school quickly to earn money 5.830.0165 Repeated a grade5.120.0235

17. Binge drinking > part of a contemporary style of life/of leisure ? – recent practice for girls (high value of the opportunity of gender mix leasure, to invest the public sphere -not so recent >diffferences in historical opportunites for boys and girls Original dynamic/delinquency or depression : No impact of family models or characteristics; no impact of victimisation; no impact of type of schooling (general, technical or vocational); From the tested model G/B: Behaviour in common but not automatically all the same significant factors for girls and boys (together doing silly things, not especially the most serious) Girls ‘follow’ others –deviant- and especially when moral religious values are less present, when not so strongly supervised by parents and when they do not impact on school certification Low self-control (risk taking), nationality of origin (?), age and drug consumption, recent theft/extorsion only > boys : more > delinquant process?

18. > banalization ? strategy of ‘catching up’ / ‘light’ version? Other stakes then simply copying – distance to gender injunctions? Yes and no BOYS /last month 14 y15 y16 y never73%59%58% once 8%11% 8% more19%30%34% GIRLS /last month 14 y15 y16 y never72%70%49% once12% 11% more16%18%40%

19.  Drinking much: more a traditional practice of self-assertion of boys in the process of their manliness – in continuation of gender socialization ( goal of distinction, to give the proof of resistance) – at the same time, better acceptation of girls now Some videos of prevention emphasise what could be those gendered dynamics and relations: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQHd96- jHdUhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQHd96- jHdU

20. To know more about binge drinking Necessary to make qualitative research on this topic, to let young people tell, to understand better the motivations… Suggestion: to understand better the context/ state of historical opportunities for each gender group in a country/ region ( / action situational theory) : include in next wave some questions about the perception of historical opportunities between boys and girls Suggestion to investigate the question of loss of control, of will (in intimate relations)