1. Animals of the Poles Presented by Kate Devlin

2. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba; Actual Size: 58 mm long (Photo by Uwe Kils) http://www.ecoscope.com/krill/index.htm

3. Photo: Alastair Rae Arctic Tern, Sterna paradisaea

4. Photo: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse Arctic Tern and the midnight sun….Greenland

5. Arctic Tern Breeding Range in Red, Non-Breeding locations in blue, Migration routes in green Notice anything curious about this map? Map by A.Trepte

6. Long distance trip between ~late-July and October by an Arctic Tern banded as chick Direct flight = ~6165 miles

7. Photos: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse 50 data loggers in 2007, to be recaptured in 2008

8. Gulf of Maine Maine New Brunswick Nova Scotia 100 km Collaborative Project www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/shorelines

9. USFWS Petit Manan Island Devlin Machias Seal IslandSeal Island USFWS Matinicus Rock © 2001 P. W. Hirtle

10. Nesting Pairs of Terns between southern Maine and Grand Manan

12. Allard Diamond Photos: Carsten Egevang, Iain Stenhouse, Karel Allard, Antony Diamond Field work – small islands, many hours in bird blinds spent watching what happens – eggs hatching, chicks growing, adults bringing in food, etc.

13. Photos: USFWS and Paul Cranford Puffins and Terns Cranford USFWS

14. “Relative” tameness of study species….yes, it did fly away… Devlin

15. Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus www.free-picture-graphic.org.uk

16. For Text interview: http://thirdcoastfestival.org/behind_scenes_bryant.asp For Audio: http://audio.wbez.org/thirdcoast/player/3player_new.asp?fileId=prey

17. A color-marked and banded Sabine’s Gull, Larus sabini Seabird Research Photo: Carsten Egevang, and Iain Stenhouse

18. Photo by Alastair Rae

19. Photos: Carsten Egevang and Iain Stenhouse Sabine’s Gull: trapping, calling and one day old chick

20. Sunlight over drifting Canadian ice floes Photo by Paul Nicklen http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html http://www.huntingsociety.org/PolarBearpics.html Polar Bear on ice…

21. http://www.arcticartsales.com/polarbear_skull.html

24. Photo: Alastair Rae

25. Photo by: Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps

26. http://www.getfreephotos.com

27. Foraging caribou herd Photograph by Joel Sartore Caribou herd on Arctic tundra Photograph by Norbert Rosing http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html

28. http://www.getfreephotos.com

32. Photos: Carsten Egevang, and Iain Stenhouse

33. http://www.polarbearsinternational.org/lessons- for-your-classroom/polar-bears-and-ecotourism/

34. http://www.huntingsociety.org/PolarBearpics.html

35. Polar bear crossing pack ice Photo by Ralph Lee Hopkins http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/tundra-wildlife-plants.html

36. Allard Jamieson

37. East Bay Nuuk Nanortalik Satellite Tracking of Eider Ducks is a joint venture by researchers in Greenland and Canada http://eastbay_eiders.trackit.cubitech.dk/main

38. Photo: Alastair Rae Dovekie, Alle alle

39. “A number of bird species, including several globally endangered seabird species, are projected to lose more than 50% of their breeding area during this century.” “Many species from around the world depend on summer breeding and feeding grounds in the Arctic, and climate change will alter some of these habitats significantly.” Source: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) 2004

40. Photo: Alastair Rae

41. http://www.atanarjuat.com/media/press.php

42. Photo by: Giuseppe Zibordi Credit: Michael Van Woert, NOAA NESDIS, ORA

43. http://sciencebulletins.amnh.org/?sid=b.s.antarctica_life.20071210&src=e

44. Food Webs and Species Interactions Community Webs –A food web summarizes the feeding relations in a community. –Complexity and Structure Keystone Species –The feeding activities of a few keystone species may control the structure of communities –Effects on Diversity

45. Winemiller 1990 in Molles 2007; Fig 17.3

47. Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure Robert Paine (1966, 1969) –Suggested criterion for strong interaction is degree of influence on community structure. –Not based on quantity of energy flow, but on degree of influence

48. Paine suggested feeding activities of a few species may have a dominant influence on community structure. –He predicted that some predators may increase diversity Keep prey populations below carrying capacity –Number of individuals that environment can sustain long term Reduces potential for competitive exclusion between prey species –Depends upon niche overlap; lower pop. size means less intense overlap Reduced competitive exclusion means more species can coexist

49. From Molles 2007, Fig. 17.6 Keystone Species

50. Pisaster ochraceus Nucella lamellosa or Thais lamellosa PREDATORS

51. Mytilus californianus Lepidochiton flectens Patella vulgata Balanus glandula PREY SPECIES

52. Keystone Species From Molles 2007, Fig. 17.6

53. © Paul Foretic http://baja.divebums.com/FieldID/Pages/sun_star_gulf.html

54. Food Web Structure and Species Diversity Paine found as number of species in intertidal food webs increased, proportion of the web represented by predators also increased. –According to his hypothesis, higher proportion of predators produces higher predation pressure on prey populations, in turn promoting higher diversity.

55. Removal of starfish (top predator) caused decline in diversity from 15 to 8 species After 3 months –Barnacle (Balanus glandula) took over 60-80 % of space After 1 year, 2 species dominate – this lasted for 5 years –Mussels and goose-neck barnacles –Other species – no attachment points Space was a limiting resource Pisaster = keystone species

56. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity Jane Lubchenko (1978) proposed to resolve the effect herbivores have on plant diversity, –Herbivore food preference. –Competitive relationships between plant species in the local community. –Variance in feeding preferences and competitive relationships across environments.

57. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity Lubchenko studied influence of intertidal snail (Littorina littorea) on structure of an algal community. –Snails fed on green (Enteromorpha spp.) and red (Chondrus crispus) algae. Under normal conditions, Enteromorpha out- competes Chondrus in tide pools, and Littornia prefers Enteromorpha. –In the absence of snails, Chondrus is competitively displaced.

58. Littorina littorea Enteromorpha spp. Chondrus crispus

59. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity Molles 2007, Fig. 17.8

60. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity When snails are present in high densities, Littorina grazes down Enteromorpha, releasing Chondrus from competition. –Green crabs (Carcinus maenus) prey on young snails, preventing juveniles from colonizing tide pools. –Populations of Carcinus are controlled by seagulls. J. Anderson

61. Consumers’ Effects on Local Diversity –Low snail density - Enteromorpha dominates tide pool. –Medium snail density - Competitive exclusion eliminated, and algal diversity increased. –High snail density - Feeding requirements are high enough that snails eat preferred algae and less- preferred algae. Algal diversity decreased.

62. Keystone Species: Summation Mary Power (1996) : Keystone species exert strong effects on their community structure, despite low biomass. In Molles 2007; Fig 17.14

63. Molles, 2007: Fig. 17.2

64. Websites for animal information: Penguins: http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/postcards/penguin_post.html http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/people/postcards/penguin_post.html Polar Bears: http://www.amnh.org/sciencebulletins/?sid=b.s.polar_bears.20070108&src=/eart h/polar/b http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/special/polar_bears Caribou Walrus Seals – Ringed Seals, Fur Seals http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/arctic_marine_life.html

65. Adaptations…hands on lab exercises…..

66. Bergman's rule In zoology, Bergmann's Rule is a principle that correlates environmental temperature with body mass in warm-blooded animals. It asserts that within a species, the body mass increases with latitude and colder climate. Allen's rule is a biological ‘rule’ proposed by J. A. Allen in 1877. It states that endotherms from colder climates usually have shorter limbs than the equivalent animals from warmer climates.