1. Kingdom Protista “the very first”
any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus, or prokaryote (bacteria)
Eukaryotes
1.5 billion years ago
Classified by nutrition mode
Animal like, Plant like, or Fungus like

2. A) Animal-like Protists: Protozoans
Protozoa-”First animals”
Heterotrophs
Four phyla based on how they move

3. 1) Phylum Zoomastiginia: Zooflagellates
Absorb food through their cell membranes
Most reproduce asexually- binary fission
Live in lakes and streams or bodies of other organisms

4. Diseases African sleeping sickness Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis
Trypanosoma – Tsetse Fly
Chills, rashes, nerve cell damage, coma
Trichomonas vaginalis – vaginitis

5. Termites and Trichonympha
Symbiotic (lives off food from termite)
Lives in termite gut
Contains cellulase that digests wood

6. 2) Phylum Sarcondina: Sarcodines
Pseudopods “false foot” – cytoplasmic projections for eating and movement
Best known sarcodine - Amoeba
Amoeboid movement
Contractile and Food Vacuoles
Binary Fission
Foraminiferans – secrete calcium carbonate shells (chalk), accumulates on bottom of ocean.

7. ex. AMOEBA Contractile Vacuole (pump water) Pseudopods Nucleus
Food Vacuole (store food)

8. Amebic Dysentery
Entamoeba-parasite spread by contaminated drinking water from poor sanitation
Severe diarrhea, attacks intestines, bleeding
Boiling water or iodine kills parasite

9. 3) Phylum Ciliophora: Ciliates
Cilia – used for feeding and movement
Short, hair-like projections
Binary Fission and Conjugation (stress)
Best known ciliate – paramecium
Freshwater and saltwater
Trichocysts-stiff projections for defense of paramecium

10. Internal Anatomy Two nuclei Macronucleus Micronucleus
respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion.
Micronucleus
conjugation and contains a reserve copy of genes.

11. Paramecium Macronucleus Trichocysts Oral groove Lysosomes Gullet
Anal pore
Gullet
Oral groove
Trichocysts
Lysosomes
Food vacuoles
Contractile vacuole
Micronucleus
(conjugation)
Macronucleus
Cilia

12. Nutrition
The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet.
The food is forced into food vacuoles
Lysosomes break down the food
Undigested food is removed through the anus
Contractile Vacuole pumps water in and out to maintain homeostasis

13. Conjugation
New macronuclei form
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
MEIOSIS
Exchange of micronuclei
Macronuclei disintegrate
Genetically identical paramecium form
*note: conjugation is a sexual process but NOT a form of sexual reproduction b/c no new individuals are formed. However, new combinations of genetic information are produced.

14. 4) Phylum Sporozoa: Sporozoans
Parasitic protists
Parasites of many different organisms, including worms, fish, birds, and humans.
Many protists cause serious disease
Cannot move independently
Reproduce using sporozoites
A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives as a parasite.

15. Diseases Malaria- sporozoan Plasmodium
Saliva of the female Anopheles mosquito
Sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells.
Red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream
2 million people die each year from malaria.

17. B) Plant-like Protists: Unicellular Algae
Base of the food chain
“phytoplankton”
photosynthetic pigments
4 phyla based on the type of pigments they contain

18. 1) Phylum Euglenophyta: Euglenophytes
two flagella
Lack a cell wall
Cell membrane called a pellicle
Chloroplasts – photosynthetic
Heterotrophic if no sunlight available
Eyespot – finds sunlight
Pellicle – tough and flexible

19. Euglena Chloroplast Carbohydrate storage bodies Gullet Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
Flagella
Eyespot
Nucleus

20. 2) Phylum Pyrrophyta “fire plants”: Dinoflagellates
50% photosynthetic
50% heterotrophs
2 flagella
Plates made of cellulose for protection
Many are bioluminescent

23. Zooxanthellae (ex. of dinoflagellates)
Photosynthetic dinos that provide food for their host organism.
The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter.
Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, clams

25. Red Tide Water appears red due to “Algal Bloom”
Some dino species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fish
Ban on shellfish

27. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning
PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks.
Eating these infected shellfish can cause serious illness, paralysis, or death

28. Pfiesteria-dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasiteslesions

29. 3) Phylum Chrysophyta: Chrysophytes
Yellow-green and golden-brown algae
Gold-colored chloroplasts
Pectin cell wall
Store food in the form of oil

30. 4) Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms
Cell walls – silicon (glass)
Cannot decompose

31. C) Plantlike Protists: Multicellular Algae
Red, Brown, and Green

32. 1) Phylum Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Contain Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins
Absorb blue light – 260 meters, very deep
Important role in forming coral reefs
Chondrus crispus- Irish moss

33. Chondrus crispus – Irish Moss

34. 2) Phylum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin
Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders
Fucus- Rockweed
Sargassum
Kelp

35. Kelp

36. Kelp

37. Rockweed

38. Fucus : Rockweed

39. Sargassum

40. Blade
Stipe
Hold Fast

41. 3) Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Cellulose in their cell walls
Chlorophyll a & b
Stores food as starch
Very similar to plants

42. Unicellular Green Algae
Chlamydomonas
Lives in ponds, wet soil, etc.

43. Colonial Green Algae Spirogyra
Volvox – connected strands of cytoplasm, coordinated flagella movement

44. Multicellular Green Algae
Sea lettuce- Ulva

45. Importance of Algae Base of the food chain Kelp forests – habitats
50% of oxygen production
Medical Use
Ulcers, High Blood Pressure, arthritis