1. Seminar Unit 5 HW205 Daniela Messina, DC, MS, L.Ac

2.  Unit 5 Quiz: Focus on Minerals  Due Midnight Tuesday  Discussion:  Due Midnight Tuesday  Seminar:  Option 1 – attend live  Option 2 – written assignment – due Midnight Tuesday  Dmessina@kaplan.edu 2

3. differentiate between major minerals and trace elements. state the general functions of the minerals in the body. state the major functions of each mineral. identify the best food sources of each mineral. identify deficiency states associated with each mineral. identify treatments for mineral deficiencies. 3

4. Sodium Chloride Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur 4

5. Iron Zinc Iodine Selenium Copper Manganese Fluoride Chromium Molybdenum 5

6.  Should it be fortified with vitamins and minerals?  Let’s start with a question about alcohol…. Question: Why is alcohol absorbed more rapidly than the nutrients? 6

7.  How Alcohol Affects the Body Long Term http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PA1gDo4OXp4 View the video and come on back when you are finished. I will have the sound off so I do not disturb the narration. 7

8. The body wants to dispose of it rapidly. It is viewed by the body as potentially TOXIC and cannot be stored in the body. 8

9.  A class of organic compounds that contains a hydroxyl group: (OH)  Laymen's terms: An intoxicating agent such as beer, wine and distilled liquor. (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) 9

10.  Ethanol  The alcohol in beer, wine, spirits  Methanol  Wood alcohol—poisonous 10 Photos © PhotoDisc

11.  Alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant.  Alcohol is a narcotic.  Alcohol leads to dehydration. 11 Cerebellum Pons, Medulla oblongata Frontal lobe Midbrain

12. Two Alcohols: Glycerol and Ethanol Ethanol is the alcohol in beer, wine, and distilled liquor. Glycerol is the alcohol used to make triglycerides. 12

13. Alcohol is made from grains and fruits isn’t it? Hmmm… 13

14.  Provides energy  7 kcal/g  No other nutritive value  “Empty calories” – does not provide and rather can interfere with nutrient absorption. 14

15.  Fermentation  Yeast cells metabolize sugar to make alcohol  Alcoholic beverages  Beer: 5–6% alcohol  Wine: 8–14% alcohol  Liquor: 35–45% alcohol  “Proof” is twice the alcohol percentage 15 Photo © PhotoDisc

16.  Distillation separates the vitamins and minerals in the original fruit or grain from the alcohol  If these nutrients were kept, alcohol could be used as fuel by the body  Since they are lost, alcohol is viewed by the body as poison 16

17.  To help you decide whether or not alcohol could be or should be fortified let’s make sure you understand how the body processes it. 17

18. 18 12oz beer 1 1/2 oz hard liquor (80 proof whiskey, gin, brandy, rum, vodka) 5 oz wine Each of these servings equals one drink.

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20. Alcohol dehydrogenase: An enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach. Reduces the amount of alcohol absorbed by 20%. Question: Why do women feel the effects of alcohol faster? 20

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22. ONE MINUTE: The time it takes alcohol to cross the walls of an empty stomach and reach the brain. 22

23. ONE MINUTE: The time it takes alcohol to cross the walls of an empty stomach and reach the brain. 23

24.  No digestion required  Absorbed from mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine  Absorption slowed by food 24

25. 25 Venous System (Blood Stream) Stomach and Small Intestine Liver Q: How much can the liver process? A: ½ ounce ethanol per hour (one drink)

26.  Removing alcohol from circulation  Liver metabolism limited  Blood alcohol level falls slowly  Individual differences in rate of alcohol metabolism  Gender  Race/ethnicity  Age 26 Graph source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

27. 27 Acetaldehyde Alcohol (ethanol) Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase AcetateAcetyl CoA CoA Alcohol dehydrogenase NAD + NADH + H + Using alcohol calories for energy. Alternate Route for Acetyl CoA: To Fat Extra fat production from alcohol = weight gain Remember: 7calories per gram

28.  People who should not consume alcohol  Those who cannot moderate intake  Children and adolescents  Those taking certain medications  Those with illnesses worsened by alcohol  Those who drive or operate machinery  Pregnant or breastfeeding women  Those with a strong family history of alcoholism 28

29.  Alcohol in the brain and nervous system  Depressant; affects all parts of brain  Alcohol’s effect on GI system  Esophagitis, gastritis 29

30.  Alcohol and the liver  Fatty liver  Fibrosis  Cirrhosis  Fetal alcohol syndrome  Physical abnormalities  Mental retardation  Low birth weight; poor growth 30

31.  Alcohol can contribute to body fat and weight gain. (7kcal/gram)  Alcohol has ZERO nutrients. 31

32.  Poor diet  Alcohol provides energy but no nutrients  Economic factors  Lack of interest in food; GI problems  Vitamin deficiencies  Alcohol interferes with vitamin metabolism  Folate, thiamin, vitamin A 32

33.  Mineral deficiencies  Inadequate diet; fluid losses  Calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc  Some mineral levels are elevated  Macronutrients  Alcohol interferes with amino acid absorption  Alcohol raises blood levels of fats  Body weight  Inconsistent effect of alcohol calories on weight 33

34.  Displaces nutrients from the diet  Interferes with metabolism of nutrients  Liver loses its ability to retain folate.  Kidneys increase excretion of folate.  Leads to a folate deficiency  Excess homocysteine  Increased risk for colorectal cancer  GI tract cell destruction  Deficiency of Thiamin, B12, folate, Vit D, Vit A, 34

35.  Moderate drinking has been associated with reduced mortality  Heart disease  Red wine-phytochemical: Reseveratrol The “French Paradox” Acts as an antioxidant 35 Photo © PhotoDisc

36.  What vitamins and minerals are lost in the distillation process?  What deficiencies does alcohol create?  Which would you add?  Why or why not? 36

37.  Certain populations can benefit from moderate alcohol consumption  However, if alcohol were fortified it would be considered a source of nutrients which would lead to legal difficulties in restricting it’s use  Thank you! 37