1. Boot Camp A.P. Literature
Part 3: Point of View

2. Point of View Definition
“…the speaker, narrator, persona, or voice created by authors to tell stories, present arguments, and express attitudes and judgments. Point of view involves not only the speaker’s physical position as an observer and recorder, but also the ways in which the speaker’s social, political, and mental circumstances affect the narrative” (Roberts & Jacobs 225).

3. Point of View Basics
1st Person
3rd Person
Limited
Omniscient

4. Participant Point of View
First-person pronouns (I, me, my, we, us, our) are used to tell the story.
Two subgroups
- The narrator as a major character in the story (the story is told by and is chiefly about the narrator).
- The narrator as a minor character (the narrator tells a story that focuses on someone else, but the narrator is still a character in the story).

5. Unusual Participant Point of View
Innocent-eye narrator. The character telling the story may be a child or a developmentally disabled individual; the narrator is thus naïve.
Stream of consciousness (interior monologue) is a narrative method in modern fiction in which the author tells the story through an unbroken flow of thought and awareness.
Reflective is when there is narration from a different time in a character’s life (e.g., Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird or David in David Copperfield).

6. Nonparticipant point of view
Omniscient narrator. The author can enter the minds of all the characters.
Selective (limited) omniscient narrator. The author limits his omniscience to the minds of a few of the characters or to the mind of a single character.
Objective narrator. The author does not enter a single mind, but instead records what can be seen and heard. This type of narrator is like a camera or fly on the wall.

7. 1st Person Point of View
Advantages of 1st Person
The first-person point of view offers immediacy. The reader sees what is perceived by the individual “I.”
The first-person narrator can approach other fictional characters as closely as one human being can approach another.
The first-person narrator can be an eyewitness, observing what other characters say and do.
The first-person narrator can summarize events and retreat from a scene to meditate on its significance.

8. “ Disadvantages” of 1st Person Narration
The first person point of view allows the reader to be discerning; the reader must determine whether the narrator is trustworthy.
The first-person narrator understands other characters only by observing what they say and do, this narrator cannot enter the minds of the other characters and is unable to grasp their inner thoughts.
The first-person narrator outlines what a character observes and feels, and thus the narrator’s conclusions may be inaccurate.
The reader may question the validity and accuracy of the narrator’s opinions.
The first person point of view may contribute to dramatic irony; there is a discrepancy between what the narrator knows and what the reader understands.

9. The Know-it-alls Omniscient Point of View
The omniscient point of view allows great freedom in that the narrator knows all there is to know about the characters, externally and internally.
The third-person narrator describes what characters are feeling and thinking,
The third-person narrator describes what characters do,
The narrator may shift focus from the close view to the larger perspective.
The narrator may comment on events and characters, thus explaining their significance to the reader.
The narrator may offer multiple perspectives on the same event.
Limited Omniscient Point of View
The author knows everything about a particular character.
The story is portrayed through the eyes of one character, and there is a sense of distance from the other characters.
The limited omniscient point of view approximates conditions of life in that only one character’s thoughts are known. The story is more unified through the use of this point of view.

10. Objective Point of View
The objective point of view allows inferences to be made by readers through their observance of dialogue and external action. Readers are not directly influenced by the author’s statements. Readers’ perceptions are influenced more subtly by the author’s selection of diction and details.
Hamlet
Reading objective point of view may feel like watching a play with its focus on external action and dialogue.

11. Key Questions to Ask
Who is telling the story? How much is this person allowed to know?
How is this character’s mind and personality affecting my interpretation of the story?
Has the author chosen this POV for maximum revelation or for another reason?
Has the author used the selected POV fairly and consistently? What is the effect of any shifts in POV?

12. “A Rose for Emily”
Gothic: “a genre characterized by a general mood of decay, action that is dramatic, generally violent or otherwise disturbing, loves that are destructively passionate, and settings that are grandiose, if gloomy and bleak” (Murfin and Ray 191).
In partners—one piece of paper for both of you:
1. Identify (in detail) the gothic elements of the story.
2. Describe the narrator and POV.
3. What is the order of events as they’re presented by the narrator? WHY?
4. Why the title?
5. Give a statement of theme.

13. Thesis Skeletons with Poe and Faulkner

14. Your thesis should mention both author and title by name.
Your thesis should directly address the prompt and name the element(s) you have chosen to address.
Your thesis should address the meaning of the work or an effect created by the element of focus.
In the short story “A Rose for Miss Emily” William Faulkner
uses a collective narrator who speaks on behalf of the town
to create suspense by using a blend of fact and rumors in telling the story.
In addition to rumors, William Faulkner chooses to not provide us with the linear timeline:
Emily buys poison
Homer Barron disappears
There is a mysterious odor

15. Your thesis should mention both author and title by name.
Your thesis should directly address the prompt and name the element(s) you have chosen to address.
Your thesis should address the meaning of the work or the effect of the chosen element.
In the short story “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allen Poe
the use of frenetic syntax and selection of detail
highlights the unreliability of the narrator and creates dramatic irony.
Poe’s story of betrayal, hubris, and paranoia hinges on the first-hand account of a mad man.

16. A Superficial View (limerick)
Miss Emily, snobbish and cranky, Used to horse around town with a Yankee. When she’d wake up in bed, With the dust of the dead, She would sneeze in her delicate hanky. --Anonymous