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A short explanation and a comparisson by W.D. Schram MSc.

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Presentation on theme: "A short explanation and a comparisson by W.D. Schram MSc."— Presentation transcript:

1 A short explanation and a comparisson by W.D. Schram MSc

2 Overview Introduction on Roman aqueducts Introduction about Persian qanats Special topics Comparison Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

3 Aqueducts: basic elements Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

4 Aqueducts: tunnel Note: a masonry channel inside a tunnel (Cave de Curé, Gier aqueduct, Lyon, France) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

5 Aqueducts: bridges The world known aqueduct bridge Pont du Gard, part of the aqueduct (50 km) of Nimes (France). Also represented on a banknote of 5 euro Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

6 Aqueducts: arcade Two (!) aqueduct channels (70 and 88 km long, mainly subterranean) on top of a series of arches (Rome, Italy) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

7 The Roman empire Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

8 Aqueducts: some 750 Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

9 Aqueducts: the users Local fountain (Gerasa, Jordan) Baths (reconstruction) (Xanten, Germany) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

10 Aqueducts: examples Tunnel and pipes Akcay tunnel (550 BCE) (Side, Turkey) (Samos, Greece) Water distribution (Pompeii, Italy) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

11 Qanats: basic elements Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

12 Qanats: channel and shafts Qanat shaft (near Yazd) Shaft tops Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

13 Qanats: from the air Persepolis Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

14 Qanats: the users Place to scoop water Water distribution Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

15 Qanats: works of art Qanat bridge (Kharanaq, Yazd) Ice house (Yazd) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

16 Qanats: distribution worldwide Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

17 Qanats: distribution 1 Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

18 Qanats: distribution 2 Tehran (ca 1960 CE) Isfahan (1942 CE) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

19 Qanats: distribution 3 Tafilalt (Maroc) Qanats in Syria Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

20 Qanats: in Europe 1 Madrid (Spain) = Madjira = place of qanats Near Selb and Asch (Germany) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

21 Qanats: in Europe 2 The qanat of Walferdange (Luxemburg) with stepped channel and access shafts Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

22 Qanats: construction Muqanni Clay rings for reinforcements Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

23 Storage Water storage site Entrance Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

24 Cooling Wind towers Technique Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

25 Ice house Meybod Cross-section Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

26 Subterrenean dam Dam in a qanat (Vazvan) Cross-section Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

27 Subterranean water mill Horizontal water wheel Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

28 Comparison 1 ElementIranian qanatRoman aqueduct ClimateMainly in arid regionsIn arid and semi-arid regions SourceAquiferRiver, spring or dam (by exception: well or aquifer) Place in the landscape 100% subterranean20% above ground (arcades, substructions) ConstructionShafts every 50 – 100m plus connecting channel Masonry channel (or pipe), sometimes in qanat construction (shaft every 35 – 70 m) CourseStraight lineSinuous, following the contour lines Works of artExceptional: subterranean dams Bridges, tunnels, arcades, siphons Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

29 Comparison 2 ElementIranian qanatRoman aqueduct UsersPublic and farmers (private houses, bath houses?) Public and bathhouses. Also: houses, farmers, ornamental fountains (grainmills) DistributionChannels and sluices; for irrigation timesharing Distribution stations plus lead pipes inside the towns StatusUtilitarian / lifelineAdditional to other sources (wells, rainwater); luxury (Baths); showcase (Show of pride and power) BuildersWell paid specialistsSlave specialist, contractors, sometimes support from the military OwnershipCoorperative ( 10 – 250 p)Town council Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

30 Comparison 3 ElementIranian qanatRoman aqueduct FinanceMembers of the cooperation Local meacenas, the emperor, twon council Surplus water(only in winter): ?To flush the sewers and toilets, fullers StorageLocal in modest volumesNo, only behind some large bath houses (e.g. Rome) Basics: - cross-section - typical length - typical discharge - typical depth - typical fall 0,6 – 1,2 m 10 km 2.000 m3/day 10 – 50 m 0,07 – 0,1 % 0,6 – 1,2 m 20 km 20.000 m3/day 5 m 0,1 – 0,5 % Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

31 Conclusions Although there are similarities, qanats are quite different from roman aqueducts Most striking: the difference in the sources qanat(s) are often the only source of water Roman aqueducts are all out of use Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

32 Problems ?! Tehran (2009 CE) Nonius Datus (150 CE) (Saldae, Algeria) Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts

33 Usefull websites The International Center on Qanats and Historic Hydraulic Structures (ICQHS) in Yazd: http://www.icqhs.org/English/Default.aspx http://www.icqhs.org/English/Default.aspx The Water Museum in Yazd is part of the ICQHS Youtube film about qanats: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieBVMOPRYJ0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieBVMOPRYJ0 Persian qanats and Roman aqueducts Thank youWilke Schram

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