1. Production Chapter 9

2. Production Defined as any activity that creates present or future utility The chapter describes the production possibilities available to us with a given state of technology and resources

3. The Input-Output Relationship Production function

4. The Production Function A means of describing the technically efficient quantities of outputs corresponding to all possible combinations of inputs

5. Technical Efficiency & Economic Efficiency Technical Efficiency is the attainment of the maximum possible output from a given combination of inputs Economic efficiency occurs when we produce the given level of output at the minimum cost

6. Intermediate Products Products that are transformed by a production process into products of greater value (value added) For simplification, ignore intermediate goods in this chapter

7. Fixed & Variable Inputs Long Run: the shortest period of time required to alter the amounts of all inputs used in production Short Run: the longest period of time during which at least one of the inputs used in a production process cannot be varied

8. Short Run Production Capital levels are fixed

9. Law of Diminishing Returns If other inputs are fixed, the increase in output resultant from an increase in the variable input must eventually decline

10. Total, Marginal & Average Products The total product curve shows the amount of output as a function of the amount of variable input

11. Total, Marginal & Average Products Marginal product is a change in total product due to a one-unit change in the variable input The average product is the total output divided by the quantity of the variable input

12. The Relationships Between Curves When the marginal product curve lies above the average product curve, the average product curve must be rising When the marginal product curve lies below the average product curve, the average product curve must be falling The two curves intersect at the maximum value of the average product curve

13. Rules for resource allocation Rule for non-perfectly divisible inputs Where marginal product of an input is higher in one activity, allocate each unit of the input to the activity with the highest marginal product.

14. Rule for perfectly divisible inputs Where marginal product of an input is not always higher in one activity, allocate each unit of the input so that marginal product is the same in every activity.

15. Production in the Long Run All factors are variable Isoquants are the set of all technically efficient input combinations that yield a given level of output

16. The Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution (MRTS) The rate at which one input can be exchanged for another without altering the total level of output

17. Returns to Scale Tells us what happens to output when all inputs are increased by exactly the same proportion The concept of returns to scale is a long- run concept

18. Returns to Scale: Increasing Increasing returns to scale occur when a proportional increase in every input yields a more than proportional increase in output

19. Returns to Scale Constant returns to scale occur when a proportional increase in every input yields an equal proportion increase in output Decreasing returns to scale occur when a proportional increase in every input yields a less than proportional increase in output

21. Returns to Scale: The Distinction Decreasing returns to scale have nothing to do with the law of diminishing returns Decreasing returns to scale mean all inputs are varied