Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
2
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Father of the microscope - 1600’s
used lens technology fabric quality telescope same time 1st to see life in a drop of water (“animalcules”)
3
Robert Hooke 1665 1st to examine plant tissue Resembled monastery’s
tiny rooms “Cells”
4
Matthias Schleiden all plants are made of cells
5
Theodor Schwann All animals are made of cells
6
Rudolf Virchow Cells come from other preexisting cells
7
The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells
8
What do all cells have in common?
Cell membrane thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell (protection) Cytoplasm fluid within the cell Genetic Material (DNA/RNA)
9
Major Groups of Organisms
Bacteria Protists (amoeba, algae, seaweed) Fungi Plants Animals
10
Basic Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells cell membrane cytoplasm
genetic material (lack a nucleus) bacteria Genetic Material Cell membrane
11
Eukaryotic Cells Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles animals, plants, fungi and protists
12
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
Section 7-1 Cell membrane Cytoplasm Prokaryotic Cell Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Go to Section:
13
7-2 A Closer Look at the Cell
Your objective is to… Describe the main functions of each cell structure
14
Cell Wall Plants, bacteria (prokaryotes), fungi, algae (protists)
Provides structure and protection Gas and water exchange Plants - made of polysaccharide cellulose
15
Nucleus Controls cell processes Contains DNA deoxyribose nucleic acid
codes for protein and other molecules
16
Chromatin Chromosomes Nucleolus Nuclear Envelope DNA bound to protein
chromatin condenses during cell division Nucleolus make ribosomes Nuclear Envelope 2 layers with pores that allow for the passage of material
17
Nucleus The Nucleus Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nuclear pores
18
Cytoskeleton Network of protein filaments
(microtubules and microfilaments) Maintains cell shape Cell Movement Intracellular Movement moves organelles important during cell division
19
Tracks for organelle movement
20
Figure 7-7 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum
Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion
21
Structures for Movement:
Flagella-tail-like structures to propel cell in whipping motion Cilia- hair-like projections that beat together to move the cell
22
Transportation
23
The Organelles Specialized structures within the cytoplasm of the cell that perform specific jobs
24
Ribosomes Use genetic information to make protein
found free in cytoplasm or on RER
25
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 types Rough and Smooth Cell membrane assembly Rough contain ribosomes certain proteins are modified Smooth synthesis of lipids
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
27
Golgi Apparatus Receive proteins from RER
Use enzymes to attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins Sent to final destination
29
Lysosomes Contain enzymes that breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules Recycle old organelles and debris
31
Enzyme
32
Recycling
33
Vacuoles Storage units for water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates
Provide support for plants “water” Central water vacuole
34
Vacuole
35
Chloroplasts Found in plants and algae (some bacteria) photosynthesis
2 membranes Contains DNA
36
Chloroplast
37
Mitochondria Convert food into high-energy compounds (ATP) that the cell uses to power growth, development and movement ATP = Energy 2 membranes Contains DNA
38
Mitochondrion
39
Animal vs. Plant Cells Plant Cells have the following (Animal Cells do not): Cell Wall Chloroplasts Central Water Vacuole
40
Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells
Section 7-2 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Lysosomes Go to Section:
41
Animal vs. Plant Cells Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Plant Cell
Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell
42
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) (attached) Animal Cell
43
7-3 The Cell Membrane Objectives:
Describe the structure of the cell membrane Describe how substances move through the cell
44
Cell Membrane Structure: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
Lipid bilayer Functions: Regulates entry and exit of materials Protection and support Carbohydrate chains act as identification cards
45
Fluids ICF = Intracellular Fluid (inside cell/cytoplasm)
ECF = Extracellular Fluid (outside cell) Always dissolved particles in both of these fluids Dissolved particles = solutes Concentration of solutes can vary High = more solute Low = less solute
46
Figure 7-15 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains
47
Diffusion Movement of materials from a high concentration to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached requires no energy = passive What materials diffuse across a cell membrane?
50
Permeability Ability of membrane to allow substances to penetrate/pass through Levels of permeability: Permeable- any solutes can pass through Semi-permeable/Selectively Permeable- certain solutes are selected to pass through Impermeable- nothing is able to pass through All cell membranes are selective = picky/choosy Impermeability is not an optioncell would die! Why???
51
Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Types of Solutions hypertonic - higher concentration of dissolved particles (solute) hypotonic - lower concentration of dissolved particles (solute) isotonic - identical concentration
52
Osmosis occurs b/c the solute is unable to pass through the membrane
Osmosis occurs b/c the solute is unable to pass through the membrane. Water can always pass through the membrane.
53
Hydrophobic Lipid Tails Nonpolar Hydrophilic Lipid Heads Polar
54
Continues until the concentrations are equal
55
Solutions outside of the cell…..
56
Problems in Organisms (Maintaining Homeostasis)
Plants turgor pressure rigid vs. wilting Antibiotic effects on bacteria Single Celled Organisms contractile vacuole homeostasis Animals cells bathed in isotonic fluids “blood”
57
Facilitated Diffusion
specific protein channels for specific substances that cannot diffuse on their own glucose channel
58
Facilitated Diffusion
Glucose molecules Facilitated Diffusion Protein channel
59
Active Transport movement of materials from lower concentration to higher concentration requires energy = ATP
60
Molecule to be carried Active Transport
61
Figure 7-20 Active Transport-going against concentration gradient (low to high). Natural is from high to low (diffusion and facilitated diffusion). Molecule to be carried Molecule being carried Energy
63
Phagocytosis Large particles taken into cell
Extension of cytoplasm engulfs large particles outside cell Pocket folds into cell with contents and breaks loose from cell membrane forming vacuole inside cell (in cytoplasm).
64
Other examples of active transport
65
Unicellular Organisms
A single cell is the entire organism Includes all prokaryotes and some eukaryotes Examples include: algae, yeasts, bacteria
67
Multicellular Organisms
Cells are interdependent (like a team) Cell specialization- separate roles for each type of cell (ex. Blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell) Cells are specialized to perform particular functions within organism
68
Levels of Organization
Individual cellstissuesorgans organ systemsorganism Tissue- group of similar cells that perform particular function Organ- groups of tissues working together Organ Systems- group of organs working together to perform specific function (11 major systems in human body)
69
Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Muscle cell Digestive system
Similar presentations
